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新世纪高等院校英语专业综合教程第2版第3册(综合英语3)第一单元知识点及课后答案

2020-08-30 来源:爱问旅游网
Unit 1

 Global Reading

 Structural Analysis of the Text

This text is a piece of narrative writing, in which the author tells about her experience during the first year at university, which at first seems to be very awkward but turns out to be on the right track at last.

In the text, three incidents are narrated by the author: 1) the first is about her going into the wrong classroom; 2) the second is about her falling down in the cafeteria; 3) the last is about her witnessing the same embarrassing fall happening to someone admired by her.

Despite the differences between these three incidents, they actually revolve around one theme: The growth of the author, who is able to draw lessons from the mistakes she has made and finally succeeds in adjusting herself to the college life.  Rhetorical Features of the Text

Detailed descriptions of events are everywhere to be seen in this text, which is a dominant feature of narrative writing. Since the description of an event will involve a lot of movements or actions, compound sentences and compound-complex sentences have been used frequently in the text.

For examples:

I first began to wonder what I was doing on a college campus anyway when my parents drove off, leaving me standing pitifully in a parking lot, wanting nothing more than to find my way safely to my dorm room. (Paragraph 1)

I settled into my chair and tried to assume the scientific pose of a biology major, bending slightly forward, tensing my arms in preparation for furious note-taking, and cursing under my breath. (Paragraph 5)

 Detailed Reading

 Questions

1. Why did the author have the impression that “everyone on campus was watching me”? (Paragraph 1)

→ The author, being over-sensitive, was uneasy with her identity as a freshman. She thought a new student would attract others’ attention, as what she did or said was liable to be too naïve to be right. That feeling is a typical symptom of lacking in self-confidence.

2. Why did the author exclaim “What confidence, what reserve, what muscles!” when she saw the football player? (Paragraph 2)

→ College life was a new experience to the author. That she marveled at the real football player showed her excitement about her new life. And more importantly, her response revealed her admiration of an image which was almost exactly the opposite of her own. This admiration would later become the motivation of her change.

3. How many questions are used in Paragraphs 3, 4 and 5? Why does the author raise these

questions?

→ Four elliptical questions are used in these paragraphs. Being a freshman, the author was not well acquainted with campus life. She was at a loss as to what to do when something unexpected happened. These questions are used to show her bewilderment.

4. Why did she dine on junk food for the next three days? (Paragraphs 6-8)

→ Because she thought she had become the laughing-stock on campus. She couldn’t stand being laughed at by all the students when she turned up in the cafeteria.

5. What was the key lesson Evelyn Herald learned during her first few weeks in college? (Paragraphs 10-14)

→ The key lesson she learned during her first few weeks in college was that she realized she didn’t have to pay too much attention to what other people were thinking about her. The fresh campus life was her big chance to do her own things and be her own person. She might well relax herself and stop worrying about making mistakes because people all grow by trial and error.

 Group discussion: What lessons have you learned from Evelyn’s experiences after reading

the article “Fresh Start”? Share the experiences when you first came to college.

 Words and Expressions Paragraph 1 distinct a.

clearly seen, heard, felt, understood, etc.; noticeable

e.g. Now that the boss was no longer present, there was a distinct change in her attitude. The children have distinct memories of their grandfather in his last days.

Comparison: distinct & distinctive

distinct: Something that is distinct can clearly be seen, heard, smelled, etc. e.g. There is a distinct smell of beer in this room.

distinctive: It means having a special quality, character, or appearance that is different and easy to recognize.

e.g. Beer has a very distinctive smell; it’s quite distinct from the smell of wine.

Practice:

One of the _________ features of this book is its __________ illustrations. 本书特点之一就是具有清楚明了的图解。 (Keys: distinctive, distinct)

Paragraphs 2-9

clutch vt. hold or grasp tightly; vi. try to grasp or seize e.g. The frightened woman clutched her bags to her breast.

He clutched at the rope we had thrown to him but could not reach it. Synonyms: seize, grasp

e.g. She seized my arm as she fell.

grasp the essence / main points

glimpse n.

①a quick look at sb. or sth.

e.g. I caught a glimpse of our new neighbor.

②a short experience of sth. that helps you begin to understand it e.g. Her worried face gave me a glimpse of her true feelings. 她的忧伤表情使我感受到她内心的真实感情。

reserve n.

a quality in sb.’s character that make them not like expressing their emotions or talking about their problems

e.g. Being a man of reserve, Mr. York was never popular with his colleagues. Judy has tried every means to break through the reserve of her stepson. Derivation:reserved a.

e.g. The English have a reputation for being reserved.

whereabouts

n. approximate location; ad. used to ask in what general area sth. or sb. is e.g. The orphan’s whereabouts is / are still unknown.

The police have appealed for information concerning the whereabouts of the stolen car used in the robbery.

Whereabouts did you grow up?

demeanor n.

the way sb. behaves, dresses, speaks, etc. that shows what their character is like

Practice:

①他的举止沉着、稳健。

His demeanor was clam and steady. ②这个女孩子的态度娴静而谦逊。 The girl has a quiet, modest demeanor.

scribble (down) v.

write sth. quickly and untidily

e.g. I scribbled his phone number in my address book. He scribbled down our names.

grope v.

①try to find sth. that you cannot see by feeling with your hands Collocations: grope for

e.g. Ginny groped for her glasses on the bedside table. grope around

e.g. We groped around in the darkness.

②go somewhere by feeling the way with your hands because you cannot see Collocations:

grope your way along / across, etc.

e.g. I was groping my way blindly through the trees.

tip off.

give an advanced warning or hint to

e.g. Somebody must have tipped the burglars off that the house would be empty. The police was tipped off about the robbery.

goody (pl. goodies) n. ①sth. that is nice to eat

e.g. We bought lots of goodies for the picnic. ②sth. attractive, pleasant, or desirable

e.g. The competition gives you the chance to win all sorts of goodies. Variant spelling: (British English) goodie

flail v.

(cause sth. to) wave or swing about wildly e.g. I flailed my arms to get her attention.

The baby’s feet flailed under the quilt.

rear end

(informal) the part of your body which you sit on

sneak v.

go somewhere secretly and quietly in order to avoid being seen or heard Collocation:

sneak in / out / away / off

e.g. They sneaked off without paying!

She snuck out of the house once her parents were asleep. Synonym: creep

crunchy-chewy-salty-sweet bite

Here the modifier “crunchy-chewy-salty-sweet” describes the texture and taste of the fast food, which is crunchy, chewy, salty and sweet.

Word formation: The four adjectives are chained up with hyphens to form a new modifier placed before a noun.

e.g. a red-hot news story an all-round athlete

tiptoe v.

walk quietly and carefully on your toes, so that nobody hears you

e.g. His mother tiptoed into the room. I tiptoed along the corridor. Collocation:

tiptoe around (sth.): try to avoid dealing with a difficult or embarrassing subject or problem e.g. They were tiptoeing around the delicate subject of money.

poor (old) soul

used to show pity for sb.

e.g. The poor old soul had fallen and broken her hip.

spaghetti 意大利式细面条a type of pasta in very long thin pieces, that is cooked in boiling water

macaroni通心粉a type of pasta in the shape of small tubes.

tagliatelle意大利干面条a type of pasta that is cut into very long thin flat pieces

go out to sb. used to say that someone feels a lot of sympathy towards another person e.g. His heart went out to Mrs. Bradshaw and her fatherless child.

grin v.

show that you are very happy or pleased by smiling widely

Collocation:

grin from ear to ear: grin very widely

slink v.

go or move in a quiet, stealthy way; move as if one feels guilty or ashamed, or does not want to be seen

e.g. She tried to slink (=sneak) out of the office so that nobody would see her. The cat slunk (=sneaked) through the grass toward its prey.

Paragraphs 10-14 malicious a.

very unkind and cruel, and deliberately behaving in a way that is likely to upset or hurt sb. e.g. a malicious remark malicious gossip Derivation:

malice (n.): a desire to harm sb. because you hate them e.g. He did it through malice.

I am quite certain that his wife bears malice to/towards/against (=feels continuing dislike for) me.

run with the crowd

Comparison and translation

An independent man, Peter never goes with the tide. 彼得是个有主见的人,从不随大流。

You can do what you want to do, but never follow the crowd. 你想做什么就做什么,可别随大流。

Hait hasn’t got a mind of his own on any matter of importance; he just swims with the tide. 海特在任何重要问题上都没有自己的主见,他只是随大流。 She is always falling into line with the majority. 她总是随大流。

shackle n.

a metal fastening, usually one of a pair, for encircling and confining the ankle or wrist of a prisoner or captive; (fig.) a restraint or check to action or progress, often used in the plural form. e.g. The policeman placed shackles on the suspect’s hands. It is hard to break through the shackles of habit.

 Sentences

Paraphrase / explanation

1. It took everything I had not to stare when I caught my first glimpse of a real live college football player. (Paragraph 2)

Paraphrase: I could not help staring at the football player who was a direct contrast to myself and represented what I had desired but failed to be.

2. I was in the foreground. (Paragraph 3)

Paraphrase: Foreground means, as opposite to background, the part of a scene, landscape, etc. nearest, or represented in perspective as nearest, to the viewer, or the most noticeable or conspicuous position.

3. I made my way through the food line and tiptoed to a table, where I collapsed in relief. (Paragraph 9)

Explanation: What she meant is that she sat down in relief as no one had noticed her. “Collapsed” is a hyperbole indicating her anxiety and the contrasting reality that no one actually cared.

4. Probably everyone in the cafeteria had done something equally dumb when he or she was a freshman — and had lived to tell about it. (Paragraph 10)

Paraphrase: Everyone who had done something dumb had survived the embarrassment (and so was able to recount the experience afterwards).

5. I dressed a little differently until I found the Real Me. (Paragraph 12)

Explanation: Metaphorically, she means that she tried different experiences, as if trying on different articles of clothing, until she finally determined what her life should be like.

高考语文试卷

一、语言文字运用(15分)

1.在下面一段话的空缺处依次填入词语,最恰当的一组是(3分)

提到桃花源,许多人会联想到瓦尔登湖。真实的瓦尔登湖,早已成为 ▲ 的观光胜地,梭罗的小木屋前也经常聚集着 ▲ 的游客,不复有隐居之地的气息。然而虚构的桃花源一直就在我们的心中,哪怕 ▲ 在人潮汹涌的现代城市,也可以获得心灵的宁静。

A.名闻遐迩 闻风而至 杂居

B.名噪一时 闻风而至 栖居

C.名噪一时 纷至沓来 杂居 D.名闻遐迩 纷至沓来 栖居 2.在下面一段文字横线处填入语句,衔接最恰当的一项是(3分)

在南方,芭蕉栽植容易,几乎四季常青。 ▲ 至于月映蕉影、雪压残叶,那更是诗人画家所向往的了。

①它覆盖面积大,吸收热量大,叶子湿度大。

②古人在走廊或书房边种上芭蕉,称为蕉廊、蕉房,饶有诗意。 ③因此蕉阴之下,是最舒适的小坐闲谈之处。

④在旁边配上几竿竹,点上一块石,真像一幅元人的小景。 ⑤在夏日是清凉世界,在秋天是分绿上窗。 ⑥小雨乍到,点滴醒人;斜阳初过,青翠照眼。 A.①③②④⑥⑤ B.①④②③⑥⑤ C.②①④③⑤⑥

D.②③④①⑤⑥

3.下列诗句与“悯农馆”里展示的劳动场景,对应全部正确的一项是(3分)

①笑歌声里轻雷动,一夜连枷响到明

②种密移疏绿毯平,行间清浅縠纹生 ③分畴翠浪走云阵,刺水绿针抽稻芽 ④阴阴阡陌桑麻暗,轧轧房栊机杼鸣 A.①织布②插秧③车水④打稻

B.①织布②车水③插秧④打稻

C.①打稻②插秧③车水④织布 D.①打稻②车水③插秧④织布 4.阅读下图,对VR(即“虚拟现实”)技术的解说不正确的是一项是(3分) ...

A.VR技术能提供三个维度的体验:知觉体验、行为体验和精神体验。

B.现有的VR技术在精神体验上发展较快,而在知觉体验上发展较慢。 C.VR技术的未来方向是知觉体验、行为体验和精神体验的均衡发展。 D.期许的VR体验将极大提高行为体验的自由度和精神体验的满意度。 二、文言文阅读(20分)

阅读下面的文言文,完成5—8题。

临川汤先生传 邹迪光

先生名显祖,字义仍,别号若士。豫章之临川人。生而颖异不群。体玉立,眉目朗秀。见者啧啧曰:“汤氏宁馨儿。”五岁能属对。试之即应,又试之又应,立课数对无难色。十三岁,就督学公试,补邑弟子员。每试必雄其曹偶。庚午举.

于乡,年犹弱冠耳。见者益复啧啧曰:“此儿汗血,可致千里,非仅仅蹀躞康庄也者。”

丁丑会试,江陵公①属其私人啖以巍甲而不应。曰:“吾不敢从处女子失身也。”公虽一老孝廉乎,而名益鹊起,海内之人益以得望见汤先生为幸。至癸未举进士,而江陵物故矣。诸所为附薰炙者,骎且澌没矣。公乃自叹曰:“假令予以依附起,不以依附败乎?”而时相蒲州、苏州两公,其子皆中进士,皆公同门友也。意欲要之入幕,酬以馆选,而公率不应,亦如其所以拒江陵时者。 .

以乐留都山川,乞得南太常博士。至则闭门距跃,绝不怀半刺津上。掷书万.卷,作蠹鱼其中。每至丙夜,声琅琅不辍。家人笑之:“老博士何以书为?”曰:“吾读吾书,不问博士与不博士也。”寻以博士转南祠部郎。部虽无所事事,而公奉职毖慎,谓两政府进私人而塞言者路,抗疏论之,谪粤之徐闻尉。居久之,转遂昌令。又以矿税事多所蹠戾②,计偕之日,便向吏部堂告归。虽主爵留之,典选留之,御史大夫留之,而公浩然长往,神武之冠竟不可挽矣。

居家,中丞惠文,郡国守令以下,干旄往往充斥巷左,而多不延接。即有时事,非公愤不及齿颊。人劝之请托,曰:“吾不能以面皮口舌博钱刀,为所不知后人计。”指床上书示之:“有此不贫矣。”公于书无所不读,而尤攻《文选》一书,到掩卷而诵,不讹只字。于诗若文无所不比拟,而尤精西京六朝青莲少陵氏。公又以其绪余为传奇,若《紫箫》、《还魂》诸剧,实驾元人而上。每谱一曲,令小史当歌,而自为之和,声振寥廓。识者谓神仙中人云。

公与予约游具区灵岩虎丘诸山川,而不能办三月粮,逡巡中辍。然不自言贫,人亦不尽知公贫。公非自信其心者耶?予虽为之执鞭,所忻慕焉。

(选自《汤显祖诗文集》附录,有删节)

[注]①江陵公:指时相张居正,其为江陵人。②蹠戾:乖舛,谬误。 5.对下列加点词的解释,不正确的一项是(3分) ...A.每试必雄其曹偶 .B.酬以馆选 .C.以乐留都山川 .D.为所不知后人计 .

雄:称雄 酬:应酬 乐:喜爱 计:考虑

6.下列对原文有关内容的概括和分析,不正确的一项是(3分) ...

A.汤显祖持身端洁,拒绝了时相张居正的利诱,海内士人都以结识他为荣幸。 B.因为上书批评当权者徇私情、塞言路,汤显祖被贬官至广东,做了徐闻尉。 C.汤显祖辞官回家后,当地官员争相与他交往,而汤显祖不为私事开口求人。 D.汤显祖与邹迪光相约三月份到江南一带游玩,但没准备好粮食,因而作罢。

7.把文中画线的句子翻译成现代汉语。(10分)

(1)见者益复啧啧曰:“此儿汗血,可致千里,非仅仅蹀躞康庄也者。” (2)然不自言贫,人亦不尽知公贫。公非自信其心者耶?予虽为之执鞭,所忻慕焉。

8.请简要概括汤显祖读书为文的特点。(4分) 三、古诗词鉴赏(11分)

阅读下面这首唐诗,完成9—10题。

学诸进士作精卫衔石填海

韩 愈

鸟有偿冤者,终年抱寸诚。

口衔山石细,心望海波平。 渺渺功难见,区区命已轻。 人皆讥造次,我独赏专精。 岂计休无日,惟应尽此生。 何惭刺客传,不著报雠名。

9.本读前六句是怎样运用对比手法勾勒精卫形象的?请简要分析。(6分) 10.诗歌后六句表达了作者什么样的人生态度?(5分) 四、名句名篇默写(8分)

11.补写出下列名句名篇中的空缺部分。

(1)名余曰正则兮,__________________。(屈原《离骚》) (2)__________________,善假于物也。(荀子《劝学》) (3)艰难苦恨繁霜鬓,__________________。(杜甫《登高》)

(4)树林阴翳,__________________,游人去而禽鸟乐也。(欧阳修《醉翁亭记》)

(5)__________________,抱明月而长终。(苏轼《赤壁赋》) (6)浩荡离愁白日斜,__________________。(龚自珍《己亥杂诗》) (7)道之以德,__________________,有耻且格。(《论语·为政》) (8)盖文章,经国之大业,__________________。(曹丕《典论·论文》) 五、现代文阅读(一)(15分)

阅读下面的作品,完成12~14题。

表 妹 林斤澜

矮凳桥街背后是溪滩,那滩上铺满了大的碎石,开阔到叫人觉着是不毛之地。幸好有一条溪,时宽时窄,自由自在穿过石头滩,带来水草野树,带来生命的欢喜。

滩上走过来两个女人,一前一后,前边的挎着个竹篮子,简直有摇篮般大,里面是衣服,很有点分量,一路拱着腰身,支撑着篮底。后边的女人空着两手,几次伸手前来帮忙,前边的不让。前边的女人看来四十往里,后边的四十以外。前边的女人不走现成的小路,从石头滩上斜插过去,走到一个石头圈起来的水潭边,把竹篮里的东西一下子控在水里,全身轻松了,透出来一口长气,望着后边的。后边的走不惯石头滩,盯着脚下,挑着下脚的地方。前边的说:

“这里比屋里清静,出来走走,说说话……再呢,我要把这些东西洗出来,也就不客气了。”

说着就蹲下来,抓过一团按在早铺平好了的石板上,拿起棒槌捶打起来,真是擦把汗的工夫也节约了。

看起来后边的是客人,转着身于看这个新鲜的地方,有一句没一句地应着: “水倒是清的,碧清的……树也阴凉……石头要是走惯了,也好走……” “不好走,一到下雨天你走走看,只怕担断了脚筋。哪有你们城里的马路好走。”

“下雨天也洗衣服?”

“一下天呢,二十天呢。就是三十天不洗也不行。嗐,现在一天是一天的事情,真是日日清,月月结。”

客人随即称赞:

“你真能干,三表妹,没想到你有这么大本事,天天洗这么多。”

主人微微笑着,手里捶捶打打,嘴里喜喜欢欢的:

事情多着呢。只有晚上吃顿热的,别的两顿都是马马虎虎。本来还要带子,现在托给人家。

不过洗完衣服,还要踏缝纫机。”

客人其实是个做活的能手,又做饭又带孩子又洗衣服这样的日子都过过。现在做客人看着人家做活,两只手就不知道放在哪里好。把左手搭在树杈上,右手背在背后,都要用点力才在那里闲得住。不觉感慨起来:

“也难为你,也亏得是你,想想你在家里的时候,比我还自在呢。” 主人放下棒槌,两手一刻不停地揉搓起来:

“做做也就习惯了。不过,真的,做惯了空起两只手来,反倒没有地方好放。乡下地方,又没有什么好玩的,不比城里。”

客人心里有些矛盾,就学点见过世面的派头,给人家看,也压压自己的烦恼: “说的是,”右手更加用力贴在后腰上,“空着两只手不也没地方放嘛。城里好玩是好玩,谁还成天地玩呢。城里住长久了,一下乡,空气真就好,这个新鲜空气,千金难买。”

单夸空气,好比一个姑娘没有什么好夸的,单夸她的头发。主人插嘴问道: “你那里工资好好吧?”

提起工资,客人是有优越感的,却偏偏埋怨道: “饿不死吃不饱就是了,连奖金带零碎也有七八十块。” “那是做多做少照样拿呀!” “还吃着大锅饭。”

“不做不做也拿六七十吧?”

“铁饭碗!”

客人差不多叫出来,她得意。主人不住手地揉搓,也微微笑着。客人倒打起“抱不平”来:

“你好脾气,要是我,气也气死了,做多做少什么也不拿。”

“大表姐,我们也搞承包了。我们家庭妇女洗衣店,给旅店洗床单,给工厂洗工作服都洗不过来。”

“那一个月能拿多少呢?”客人问得急点。 主人不忙正面回答,笑道:

“还要苦干个把月,洗衣机买是买来了,还没有安装。等安装好了,有时间多踏点缝纫机,还可以翻一番呢!”

“翻一番是多少?”客人急得不知道转弯。主人停止揉搓,去抓棒槌,这功夫,伸了伸两个手指头。

客人的脑筋飞快转动:这两个手指头当然不会是二十,那么是二百……听着都吓得心跳,那顶哪一级干部了?厂长?……回过头来说道:

“还是你们不封顶好,多劳多得嘛。”

“不过也不保底呀,不要打算懒懒散散混日子。”

客人两步扑过来,蹲下来抓过一堆衣服,主人不让,客人已经揉搓起来了,一边说:

“懒懒散散,两只手一懒,骨头都要散……乡下地方比城里好,空气第一新鲜,水也碧清……三表妹,等你大侄女中学一毕业,叫她顶替我上班,我就退下来……我到乡下来享几年福,你看怎么样?”

(选自《十月》1984年第6期,有删改)

12. 下列对小说相关内容和艺术特色的赏析,不正确的一项是?

A.小说开头的景物描写,以自由流动的溪水所带来的“水草野树”以级“生命的欢喜”,暗示着农村的新气象。

B.小说中“一路拱着腰身”等动作描写,以及“真是日日清,月月结”等语言描写,为下文表妹承包洗衣服这件事做了铺垫。

C.表姐两次提到乡下空气“新鲜”,第一次是出于客套,第二次提到时,表姐对农村的好已有了更多体会。

D.表妹说的“不要打算懒懒散散混日子”,既表达了自己对生活的态度,也流露出对自己得不到休息的些许不满。

13. 请简要分析表姐这一人物形象。(6分)

14. 小说刻画了两个人物,作者以“表妹”为题,表达了哪些思想感情?(6分)

六、现代文阅读(二)(12分)

阅读下面的作品,完成15~17题。

书家和善书者 沈尹默

“古之善书者,往往不知笔法。”前人是这样说过。就写字的初期来说,这句话,是可以理解的,正同音韵一样,四声清浊,是不能为晋宋以前的文人所熟悉的,他们作文,只求口吻调利而已。笔法不是某一个人凭空创造出来的,而是由写字的人们逐渐地在写字的点画过程中,发现了它,因而很好地去认真利用它,彼此传授,成为一定必守的规律。由此可知,书家和非书家的区别,在初期是不会有的。

写字发展到相当兴盛之后(尤其到唐代),爱好写字的人们,一天比一天多了起来,就产生出一批好奇立异、相信自己、不大愿意守法的人,各人使用各人的手法,各人创立各人所愿意的规则。凡是人为的规则,它本身与实际必然不能十分相切合,因而它是空洞的、缺少生命力的,因而也就不会具有普遍的、永久的活动性,因而也就不可能使人人都满意地沿用着它而发生效力。在这里,自然而然地便有书家和非书家的分别了。

有天分、有休养的人们,往往依他自己的手法,也可能写出一笔可看的字,但是详细监察一下它的点画,有时与笔法偶然暗合,有时则不然,尤其是不能各种皆工。既是这样,我们自然无法以书家看待他们,至多只能称之为善书者。讲到书家,那就得精通八法,无论是端楷,或者是行草,他的点画使转,处处皆须合法,不能四号苟且从事,你只要看一看二王、欧、虞、褚、颜诸家遗留下来的成绩,就可以明白的。如果拿书和画来相比着看,书家的书,就好比精通六法的画师的画;善书者的书,就好比文人的写意画,也有它的风致可爱处,但不能学,只能参观,以博其趣。其实这也是写字发展过程中,不可避免的现象。

六朝及唐人写经,风格虽不甚高,但是点画不失法度,它自成为一种经生体,比之后代善书者的字体,要严谨得多。宋代的苏东坡,大家都承认他是个书家,但他因天分过高,放任不羁,执笔单钩,已为当时所非议。他自己曾经说过:“我书意造本无法。”黄山谷也尝说他“往往有意到笔不到处”。就这一点来看,他又是一个道地的不拘拘于法度的善书的典型人物,因而成为后来学书人不须要讲究笔法的借口。我们要知道,没有过人的天分,就想从东坡的意造入手,那是毫无成就可期的。我尝看见东坡画的枯树竹石横幅,十分外行,但极有天趣,米元章在后边题了一首诗,颇有相互发挥之妙。这为文人大开了一个方便之门,也因此

把守法度的好习惯破坏无遗。自元以来,书画都江河日下,到了明清两代,可看的书画就越来越少了。一个人一味地从心所欲做事,本来是一事无成的。但是若能做到从心所欲不逾矩(自然不是意造的矩)的程度,那却是最高的进境。写字的人,也需要做到这样。

(有删改)

15.根据原文内容,下列说法不正确的一项是(3分)

A.善书而不知笔法,这一现象出现在写字初期,当时笔法还未被充分发现和利用。

B.唐代爱好写字的人渐多,有一批人好奇立异,自创规则,经生体就是这么产生的。

C.二王、欧、虞、褚、颜诸家都是严格遵守笔法的典型,他们都属于书家的行列。

D.元明清三代,书画创作每况愈下,优秀作品越来越少,与守法度的习惯被破坏有关。

16.下列关于原文内容的理解和分析,不正确的一项是(3分)

A.在写字过程中,那些与实际不能完全切合的人为的规则,不具有普遍的永久的活动性,因而不能称之为笔法。

B.书与画相似,书家之书正如画师之画,谨严而不失法度,而善书者之书正如文人的写意,别有风致。

C.苏东坡天分高,修养深,意造的书画自有天然之趣,但率先破法,放任不羁,成为后世不守法度的借口。

D.一味从心所欲做事是不可取的,但写字的人如能做到“从心所欲不逾矩”,却能达到最高的境界。

17.书家和善书者的区别体现在哪些方面?请简要概括。(6分) 七、现代文阅读(三)(12分)

阅读下面的作品,完成18~20题。

天津的开合桥 茅以升

开合桥就是可开可合的桥,合时桥上走车,开时桥下行船,一开一合,水陆两便,是一种很经济的桥梁结构。但在我国,这种桥造得很少,直到现在,几乎全国的开合桥都集中在天津,这不能不算是天津的一种“特产”。南运河上有金华桥,于牙河上有西河桥,海河上有全钢桥、全汤桥、解放桥。这些都是开合桥。为什么天津有这样多的开合桥呢?

对陆上交通说,过河有桥,当然是再好没有了。但是河上要行船,有了桥,不但航道受限制,而且船有一定高度,如果桥的高度不变,水涨船高,就可能过不了桥。要保证船能过桥,就要在桥下预留一个最小限度的空间高度,虽在大水时期,仍然能让最高的船通行无阻。这个最小限度的空间高度,名为“净空”,要等于河上航行的船的可能最大高度。根据河流在洪水时期的水位,加上净空,就定出桥面高出两岸的高度。如果河水涨落差距特别大,如同天津的河流一样,那么,这桥面的高度就很惊人了。桥面一高,就要在桥面和地面之间造一座有坡度的“引桥”,引桥不仅增加了桥梁的造价,而且对两旁的房屋建筑非常不利。这在城市规划上成了不易解决的问题。这便是水陆文通之同的一个矛盾。为了陆上交通,就要有正桥过河,而正桥就妨碍了水上交通;为了水上交通,就要有两

岸的引桥,而引桥又妨碍了陆上交通,因为上引桥的车辆有的是要绕道而行的,而引桥两旁的房屋也是不易相互往来的。在都市里,除非长度有限,影响不大的以外,引桥总是一种障碍物,应当设法消除。开合桥就是消除引桥的一种桥梁结构。天津开河桥多,就是这个原因。

开合桥的种类很多,一种是“平旋桥”,把两孔桥联在一起,在两孔之间的桥墩上,安装机器,使这两孔桥围绕这桥墩在水面上旋转九十度,与桥的原来位置垂直,让出两孔航道,上下无阻地好过船。一种“升降桥”,在一孔桥的两边桥墩上,各立塔架,安装机器,使这一孔桥能在塔架间升降,就像电梯一样,桥孔升高时,下面就可以过船了。一种是“吊旋桥”,把一孔桥分为两叶,每叶以桥墩支座为中心,用机器转动,使其临空一头,逐渐吊起,高离水面,这样两叶同时展开,就可让出中间通道,以便行船。一是“推移桥”把一孔桥用机器沿着水平面拖动,好像拉抽屉是一样,以使让出河道行船。

开合桥桥面不必高出地面,不用引桥,但开时不能走车,合时不能通船,水陆交通不可同时进行。特别是,桥在开合的过程中,既非全开,又非全合,于是在这一段时间里,水陆都不能通行,这在运输繁忙的都市,如何能容许呢?因此,在桥梁史上,开合桥虽曾风行一时,但在近数十年来,就日益减少了。

那么,开合桥怎样才能更好地服务呢?应当说,有几种改进的可能:一是将桥身减轻,改用新材料,使它容易开动;二是强化桥上的机器,提高效率,大大缩减开桥合桥的时间;三是利用电子仪器,使桥的开合自动化,以期达到每次开桥时间不超过3分钟,如同十字道口的错车时间一样。这些都不是幻想,也许在不久的将来就会实现。

有删改)

18.下列对文中“引桥”的理解,不正确的一项(3分) ...

A.引桥是建造在河的两岸有一定坡度的桥,其作用是引导车辆驶上正桥。 B.在设计引桥时,需要综合考虑空间高度、桥梁造价、城市规划等因素。 C.引桥方便了水上交通,但会妨碍陆上交通,因为上引桥的车辆必须绕道。 D.在都市里,长度过长、影响太大的引桥是一种障碍物,应该设法消除。 19.下列对原文内容的概括和分析,不正确的一项是(3分) ...

A.开合桥成为天津的“特产”,与天津河流水位涨落差距特别大密切相关。 B.建桥时,正桥桥面高出两岸的高度等于河流平时的水位加上桥的净空。 C.除平旋桥之外,升降桥、吊旋桥、推移桥这三种都属于一孔桥。 D.改进开合桥的关键是尽可能缩减桥的开合时间,提高通行效率。 20.请结合全文,概括开合桥的优缺点。(6分) 八、作文(70分)

21.根据以下材料,选取角度,自拟题目,写一篇不少于800字的文章;除诗歌外,文体自选。

物各有性,水至淡,盐得味。水加水还是水,盐加盐还是盐。酸甜苦辣咸,五味调和,共存相生,百味纷呈。物如此,事犹是,人亦然。

语文Ⅱ(附加题)

一、阅读材料,完成22~24题。(10分)

题自书杜拾遗诗后

徐渭

余读书卧龙山之巅,每于风雨晦暝时,辄呼杜甫。嗟乎,唐以诗赋取士,如李杜者不得举进士;元以曲取士,而迄今啧啧于人口如王实甫者,终不得进士之举。然青莲以清平调三绝宠遇明皇实甫见知于花拖而荣耀当世彼拾遗者一见而辄阻仅博得早朝诗几首而已余俱悲歌慷慨苦不胜述。为录其诗三首,见吾两人之遇,异世同轨。谁谓古今人不相及哉!

22.用斜线“/”给上面文言文中的划线部分断句。(限处)(5分) .5..

23.王实甫的杂剧代表作为《 ▲ 》,期中男女主人公是 ▲ 、 ▲ 。(3分)

24.根据材料,概括文中古今人“相及”的内涵。(2分) 二、名著阅读题。(15分)

25.下列有关名著的说明,不正确的两项是(5分)(选择两项且全答对得5分,

选择两项只答对一项得2分,其余情况得0分)

A.《三国演义》中,张飞在长板桥上睁圆环眼厉声大喝,吓退曹兵,然后迅

速拆断桥梁,以阻追兵,可见张飞十分勇猛,有很有智谋。

B.《家》中,许倩如倡导女子剪发,带头剪掉自己的辫子,还以梅的遭遇来激发琴拒绝包办婚姻,鼓励琴做一个跟着时代走的新女性。

C.《狂人日记》中,狂人说将来的社会“容不得吃人的人”,最后喊出“救救孩子”,作者借此表达了对社会变革的强烈渴望。

D.《欧也妮·葛朗台》中,夏尔在父亲破产自杀后,不愿拖累心上人安奈特而写了分手信给她,这一良善之举让偷看信件的欧也妮发誓要永远爱他。 F.《老人与海》中,圣地亚哥经过生死搏斗最终将大马林鱼残骸拖回港口,有游客把它当成了鲨鱼骨,这一误会让小说结尾更意味深长。

26.简答题(10分)

(1)《红楼梦》“寿怡红群芳开夜宴,死金丹独艳理亲丧”一回中,群芳行令,宝钗摇得牡丹签,上云“任是无情也动人”。请结合小说概括宝钗的“动人”之处。(6分)

(2)《茶馆》第三幕,在得知来到茶馆的“老得不像样子了”的人是秦仲义时,王利发对他说:“正想去告诉您一声,这儿要大改良!”这里的“大改良”指的是什么?这句话表达了王利发什么样的情感?(4分) 三、材料概括分析题(15分)

阅读材料,完成27—29题。

去故宫参观时,会看到许多监控探头,这属于现代高科技警报系统。从前有没有安全警报系统呢?在古代,进入紫禁城须凭腰牌与合符,上面刻有允许入内人员的身份信息,守卫会当场检查。一旦发现危险,附近白塔山上的信炮手接到放炮令牌,立即朝天开炮,卫士们就会迅速集合。如果有人越过了外围防御系统,

还有一种特殊的警报装置——石别拉。

这种石别拉,材料比较简单,利用故宫大量使用的栏板的望柱头改造而成。望柱也称为栏杆柱,是中国古道桥梁栏板和栏板之间的短柱,分柱身和柱头两部分。有的柱头是莲花瓣形状,上面有二十四道纹路,象征二十四节气。普通的莲瓣望柱头,本是一块瓷实的石头,加工成石别拉时,把望柱头里面挖空了,就像一个空心葫芦。这种石别柱几乎覆盖了整个紫禁城。需要报警时,侍卫将三寸长的“小铜角”(一种牛角状的喇叭)插入石孔内,使劲吹向,通过石别拉的放大,声音飞快传遍四周。如果有外敌从午门入侵,午门守卫会敲响阙亭里面的警钟,钟声会传至太和门广场,其后各处石别拉会先后吹向,一分钟内,紫禁城所有位置的守卫都能听到警报声。这些望柱头形状和纹饰未受到改变,在紫禁城内起到了很好的装饰作用,而通过对望柱头开孔,制成报警器,又发挥了实用功能。

历经数百年沧桑,有的石别拉洞口已被杂物堵上,有的在修缮过程中被新的石材替换了,尽管现在能够通过文献考证了解它的工作原理,但已没人能够把它吹响了。

27.古代紫禁城的安全警报系统由哪些部分构成?(4分) 28.石别拉这种警报装置有什么特殊之处?(6分) 29.如今石别拉不再发挥警报功能的原因有哪些?(5分)

2019年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试

语文(江苏卷)参考答案

一、语言文字运用(12分) 1.D 2.A 3.C 4.B 二、文言文阅读(20分) 5.B 6.D

7.(l)见到他的人越发啧啧称赞道:“这个年轻人(好比)是汗血宝马,能日行千里,不是那种只能在大路上小步行走的马。”

(2)但他自己不说穷,别人也不都知道他穷。汤公不正是信从自己内心的人吗?我即使为他执鞭驾车,也是乐意和向往的。

8.读书不为功名,乐此不疲;于书无所不读,尤精《文选》;诗文无所不能,直追汉唐;戏曲创演结合,超迈元人。

三、古诗词鉴赏(11分)

9.“终年”与“寸诚”对比,表现了决心之坚;细石与大海对比,表现了抱负之大;任务重与性命轻对比,表现了命运之悲。

10.独抒己见,不随大流;但求尽力,不计结果;贵在实干,无意显名。 四、名句名篇默写(8分)

11.(1)字余曰灵均(2)君子生非异也(3)潦倒新停浊酒杯(4)鸣声上下(5)挟飞仙以邀游(6)吟鞭东指即天涯(7)齐之以礼(8)不朽之盛事

五、现代文阅读(一)(15分) 12.D

13.从所拿工资等,看出她是捧着铁饭碗的城市劳动者;从背着手、做派头等,看出她有优越感和虚荣心;从扑过去抢着洗衣服等,看出她渴望通过劳动改变生活。

14.赞扬了劳动之美;肯定了勤劳致富的观念;赞美了农村所蕴含的勃勃生机;讴歌了正在变革中的伟大时代。

六、现代文阅读(二)(12分)

15.B 16.C 17.是否尽合笔法;能否诸体皆工;是否适宜学习。

七、现代文阅读(三)(12分) 18.C 19.B

20.优点:一开一合,水陆两便;无需引桥,经济实用。缺点:开时不能走车,合时不能通船;开合过程中水陆交通都停顿。

八、作文(70分) 21.略

语文Ⅱ(附加题)参考答案

一、阅读材料,完成22~24题。(10分)

22.然青莲以清平调三绝宠遇明皇/实甫见知于花拖而荣耀当世/彼拾遗者一见而辄阻/仅博得早朝诗几首而已/余俱悲歌慷慨/苦不胜述。 23.西厢记 张珙 崔莺莺

24.自己的命运与杜甫类似;自己的才华与杜甫相当。 二、名著阅读题(15分) 25.AD

26.(1)容貌妍丽,行止娴静;才能出众,处事得体;善解人意,关怀他人。

(2)“大改良”指的是茶馆将被小刘麻子、沈处长等霸占。这句话表达了王利发与茶馆及老友诀别时的悲愤。 三、材料概括分析题(15分)

27.腰牌与合符:白塔信炮;石别拉;阙亭警钟。

28.就地用料,简单改造;覆盖面广,兼具装饰性和实用性;操作简易,传播迅速。

29.故宫采用了高科技报警系统;部分石别拉不复原貌;只知原理,无人会吹响。

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