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渐开线圆柱齿轮鼓形齿齿形和齿向误差的测量(一)

2020-06-13 来源:爱问旅游网
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

文章编号:1006—8224(2001)O1 34—1l 渐开线圆柱齿轮鼓形齿齿形和齿向误差的测量(一) A Measurement Error of the Tooth Profile and Tooth Trace for the Invol ute Cylindrical Gear’S Crowned Teeth(1) 綦江齿轮厂 刘洪清 Qijiang Gear Works Liu Hongqing [摘要]本文主要介绍渐开线圆柱齿轮鼓形齿齿形和齿向误差的测量,及其用设计齿形、齿向曲线图,对被测 量渐开线圆柱齿轮鼓彤齿齿形和齿向误差的实际形状和位置误差进行评定的方法 同时,文中还介绍了与 此相关的齿形、齿向误差及公差带,设计齿形、齿向和设计齿形,齿向曲线图 [Abstract]This paper mainly introduces the measuremem error of the tooth profile and tooth trace for the involute cyclindrical gear’S crowned teeth.And of the evaluating way for the actual form&position error of the Iooth profile and trace error for measured involute cylindrical gear can be used by the curvilinear figure of the designed tooth profile and trace. In this meantime,also introduces the relative tooth and trace error&tolerance zone,designed tooth and trace.the curvilinear figure of the designing tooth&trace. 关键词:鼓形齿 齿形误差 齿向误差设计齿彤曲线图 设计齿向曲线图 实际形状位置误差 Key words:Crowned tooth Tooth error Tooth trace error Curvilinear figures of the designing tooth profile and trace Actual profile Position error 中国分类号:TH1 32.41 7 文献标识码:B 1齿形、齿向误差及公差带 1 Tooth profile&Tooth Trace Error l-1齿形误差厦公差带 and Tolerance Zone GB 10095 88《渐开线圆柱齿轮精度≥国家标准. I.1 Tooth error and tolerance zone 对齿形误差△L的定义为:在端截面上.齿形工作部 In GB10095—88,national standard《The ACCU 分内(gt顶倒棱部分除外).包括实际齿形且距离为 racy of the Involute Cylindrical Gear》,the general 最小的两条设计齿形间的法向距离。设计齿形可以 definitions of tooth error Aff as follows: 是修正的理论渐开线.包括修缘齿形、凸齿形等,如 On the terminal section.in the working part of 图1所示。渐开线圆柱齿轮鼓形齿(即凸齿形)和修 the tooth profile(excepting the part of the crest 缘齿形误差,就是用设计齿形曲线图来评定的。 topland can be chamfered).the norma1 pitch be— 为了适应汽车变速器不同挡位齿轮的工作质量 tween two designed tooth profiles which are mini 要求,在试验的基础上,设计了各种不同的设计齿形 mum distances of the accctual tooth form should he 公差带,如图2、图3、图4所示,是典型齿形公差带 included Designing tooth form may be a corrected 之一。如图2所示是V型公差带,如图3所示是K theoretical involute including the tooth form 0f the 型公差带,如图4所示是凸形公差带 tip relief,convex tooth form and SO on,as FigI. 1.2齿向误差及公差带 The tip relief error of the crowned teeth(ie.con— GB10095 88《渐开线圆柱齿轮精度》国家标准, vex teeth form)of the tip relief may he evaluated 对齿向误差△F.的定义为:在分度圆柱面上,齿宽有 by designing curvilinear figure of the tooth profile效范围内(端面倒角部分除外),包括实际齿线且距 In order to fit demand of the working quality 34一传动技术Drive System Technique 1/2001 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

of the different gears of the transmission,on the basic of the experimentation,different tolerance range of the designing tooth profile can be de signed.such as Fig 2,3 and Fig.4 showing one of typical tolerance of the tooth profile.Fig.2 is a V type tolerance range.Fig.3 is a K type tolerance r 理论膏开缝 齿形蛰差ff h crB口ce of【he pmfik ff range and Fig.4 is a tolerance range and Fig.4 is a tolerance range of the convex tooth form. 1.2 Tooth error&tolerance range GB10095—88,national standard《The Accuraey of the Involute cylindrical Gear》,the general deft ,羹齿弗 凸齿彤 nitions of the tooth trace error AF as follows: On the reference cyclinder,in the effective lheoretieal iavolute relieftoo血profile cT 帅mg tee山 tooth width(expecting the part of the tansverse chamfer angle),the transverse pitch between two tooth traces of the aetuaI tooth traces and the mini— nlunl distance,may be include.Designing tooth trace may be a cylindrical helix,containing the drum shaped curve line and other profile modifica tion curve,as Fig.5.The error of the tooth trace for crowned teeth of the involute cylindrical gear 图1 Fig.1 can be evaluated by designing the curvilinear Fig. of the tooth trace.To meet the requirement of the 图2 Fig.2 evaluation for the tooth trace error of the crowned teeth of the involute cylindrical gear,when a gear may be designed,in a concordance with the requi re— ment of the gear tooth under the load for different gears of the transmission,some different tolerance zone of the tooth trace and parameters of the crowning quantity must be designed.The typical tolerance zone of the tooth trace error of the crowned tooth of the involute cylindrical gear has been shown as fig.5,7.8.Fig.6 shows a normal tolerance zone for the tooth trace of the er0wned teeth,and it is also the tolerance zone for the tooth trace of the crowned teeth of the maximum&mini nlunl crowning quantity.Fig.7 shows a toleranee zone for the tooth trace of the crowned teeth of the tooth trace correction.Fig.8 shows a tolerance zone of the tooth trace for the corrected tooth tface of the maximum crowning quantity(minimum crowning quantity can be zero). 图4 Fig.4 2 Designing’tooth Profile and Tooth Trace 离为最小的两条齿线之间的距离。设计齿线可以是 1/2ool 传动技术Drive System Technique一35 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

圆柱螺旋线,包括鼓形线、齿端修薄及其他修形曲 2.1 Designing tooth profile 线,如图5所示。渐开线圆柱齿轮鼓形齿的齿向误 In the process of the designing and manufac 差,就是用设计齿向曲线图来评定的。为了满足渐 turing gears,the correct data of the tooth profile of 开线圆柱齿轮鼓形齿齿向误差的评定.在齿轮设计 the gears and the figure of the designed tooth pro 时,按照汽车变速器不同档位齿轮的载荷对轮齿的 ffie have been marked oil the special process card(a 要求,设计了不同的齿向公差带和鼓形量参数。如 transparent card,i.e.k-card),using as a standard 图6、图7、图8所示,是渐开线圆柱齿轮鼓形齿齿向 of assessing the deviation of the tooth profile of the 误差的典型公差带。 crowned teeth.Designing tooth profile is a such a tooth form that according to the designed part fig— ure based on the starndard involute tooth forn1. Considering the making deviation and elastic defor— mation of the gear.influenced on meshing noise and dynamic load,then can be corrected.The tol— erance and its form after modIfication is named de 齿墙●肇 signing tooth profile,The designing tooth profile may be a rectified theoreticaI involute.including the tooth profile of the tip relief,crowning tooth and so oil.The designing tooth profile shows in Fig.9. 图5 2.2 Designing tooth trace Fig.5 The idea]engagement of the teeth trace is a contact in the direction of the totaI face width.as shown in fig.10.Owing to the deviation of the heIi— caI angle of the total and part in making gears,the non~uniform of the Ioad distribution,elastic defor— mation,the expansion by un uniform temperature field in and out the gearbox,and the factor of the unparalle shaft line of the gearbox etc.,all above can be resulted an engagement of one end of the teeth trace,as Fig.11.Therefore,it is hard to re— alize the ideal engagement of the teeth traceThe tooth trace should be required to modifyThe meshing teeth trace of the crowning teeth after 圉6 modification as fig.1 2. Fig-6 In the process of the designing and manufac— 图6所示,是一般鼓形齿齿向公差带,也就是具 turing gears,the correct data of the tooth profile 有最大、最小鼓形量的鼓形齿齿向公差带。图7所 and figure of the designed tooth trace have been 示,是齿向线修正的鼓形齿齿向公差带。图8所示. marked on the special process card(ie.a transpar 是齿向线修正,具有最大鼓形的齿向公差带(最小鼓 ent card),using as a standard of the assessing devi— 形量可为零)。 ation of the tooth trace of the crowned teeth2设计齿形、设计齿向 A tolerance and its form after modification of the tooth trace have been simply named designing 2.1设计齿形 trace(or a tolerance zone of the designing trace)在齿轮设计、制造工艺中,已把齿轮齿廓修正数 Designing trace means that there is a proper differ— 据和设计齿形的图形标注在专门的工艺卡片(透明 entiaI value marked on the designed part figure of 36一传动技术Drive System Technique 1/2001 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

C~ the gear between the required actual helical angle and theoretical helical angle,or teeth trace on the tooth profile of the gear must be a different helix angle,in order to compensate a distortion quantity of the gear,resulted by manufacturing error,in stalling error and loaded gear under the whole con— ditions. T0 realize a uniform on a tooth width of the 皋 gear tooth raise the bearing capacity of the gear and reduce the meshing noise of the gear,a crowning tooth for the tooth trace of the gear。has been spe 围7 Fig.7 cially made.Fig.9 show the designing trace. 3 C}m__ Drawing Curvilinear Figure of the Designed Tooth Profile and Tooth Trace 3.1 Drawing curvilinear Fig.of the designed tooth profile Designing tooth profile,I.e.gear designer must draw out the requirement of the tooth form and position error of the tooth profile of the gear on the drawing sample of the gear.Designing curvilin ear figure of the tooth profile(i e designing a tot 8 Fig.8 erance Fig of the tooth profile)shows the tooth shape curve of the meshing gear and its a allowable tolerance.Fig.13 shows a tolerance of the general designing tooth form.For the designing tooth form for tooth form correction of the tooth profile of the gear which is of same helical angle,the actual form and position erorr of the curvilinear recording Fig 胶片,这种卡片又简称K一卡片)上,用作评定鼓形齿 齿形误差的标准。 设计齿形是指在设计的零件图上所标明的以标 准渐开线齿形为基准,考虑齿轮制造误差和齿轮弹 性变形,对齿轮啮合噪音、动载荷的影响,加以修正 的齿形。修正后的公差及其形状称为设计齿形。设 计齿形可以是修正的理论渐开线,它包括修缘齿形、 凸齿形等。设计齿形示意图,如图9所示。 of the tooth error for two flanks of the tooth profile can be assessed by only a curvilinear of the design— ing tooth form.For so—called tooth profile of the conical gear,that is a tooth profilie of the right flank or left flank or a tooth profile of the driving flank and driven flank.Helical angle is different, but each flank of the tooth of the tooth profile has a so called base circle respectively.With adjustment of the mean radius for base circle ,two curvinlin ear figures of the designing tooth profile must be 图9 Fig.9 drawn OUt.Then the actual form and the position error of the curvilinear recording Fig.of the tooth error for two flanks of a same tooth profile can be assessed-The curvilinear Fig.of the designing 2.2设计齿向 理论的齿向啮合是在全齿宽方向上接触,如图 1/2001 传动技术Drive System Technique一37 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

10所示。由于齿轮制造产生的总体和局部螺旋角误 tooth profile of the two flanks for tooth profile of 差,载荷分布的不均匀、弹性变形、箱体内外温度场 same gear shows in Fig.14.From Fig.14,the dif— 的不均匀引起的膨胀,箱体轴线的不平行等因素.都 ference between shape and position of the curvilin 会造成齿向一端啮台现象,如图11所示 因此,理想 ear figure of the designing tooth profile for two 的齿向啮台是难以实现的,这就需要对齿向进行修 flanks of the tooth profile of a same gear is still 正。修正后的鼓形齿啮合齿向,如图12所示。在齿轮 great.For crowning tooth of a involute cylindrical 设计、制造中,已把齿轮齿廓的修正数据和设计齿向 gears which has some requirement to design,the 的图形标注在专门的工艺卡片(透明胶片)上,用作 curvilinear Fig.of the designing tooth profile must 评定鼓形齿齿向误差的标准。 be drawn.Thus the actual form and position error of the curvilinear recording Fig.of the tooth error can be carried out to assess.Whereas.the curvilin— ear Fig.of the designing tooth can be drawn by the designing principle of the measuring instrument used for the tooth profile of the involute gear. It is well known that a measuring instrument of the tooth profile for a involute gear is made by a 图1 0 Fig.10 designed principle of a rolled length,and a designed principle of a involute rolled angle.For example, the No891 checker for the inovlute gear and helical angle made by a designed principle of a involute rolled length in Germany,a curvinlinear Fig.of a designed tooth profile can be drawn by a coordinate way of the length,a type of 3001 gear checker made by a designed principle of a involute rolled an gle in Harbin Measuring Instrument Plant,in the People’S Republic of China,Then a curvilinear Fig of the designed tooth profile can be drawn by a c。 ordinate way of the angle.The drawing method of a curvilinear Fig.of the designed tooth profile as follows. A coordinate way of the length can be used tO draw according to curvature radius and its relative tolerance of the tooth profile,and a coordinate wav 圈12 of the angle can be used to draw according to the Fig 12 involute rolled angle with its relative tolerallce of 齿向修正后的公差及其形状称为设计齿向公差 the tooth profile.Besides,when we draw a de— 带,简称设计齿向。设计齿向是指在设计的齿轮零 signed curvilinear Fig of the tooth profile,the ion— 件图上所标明的,要求实际螺旋角与理论螺旋角之 gitudinal CO0rdinate(i.e.the amplicative rati0 of 间有一个适当的差值,或使齿轮齿廓的齿向各处有 the tooth profile)and the horizontal coordinate(i不尽相同的螺旋角,以补偿齿轮在全工况下,因制造 e-The amplicative ratio of the tooth height)误差和安装误差以及轮齿在受载下所造成的齿向变 should be in accordance with the amplicative rati0 形量。为了实现轮齿齿宽上均匀受载,以提高齿轮 of the measuring instrument used for the tooth pro— 的承载能力和减少齿轮的啮合噪音,特把齿轮的齿 file of the involute gear,and choose a propef rati0 向制造成鼓形齿。设计齿向示意图,如图9所示。 to draw the curvilinear Fig of the designed tooth profile.For instance,a tooth error of the erowned 38一传动技术Drive System Technique 1/2001 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

teeth for the involute cylindrical gear can be mea 3设计齿形、设计齿向曲线图的绘制 3.1设计齿形曲线圈 sured by the No89 1 checker for involute gear and helix angle made in Germany. The longitudinal coordinate(i.e.The ampliea tive ratio)of such jnstrument 1S 1000:I,500:1. The horizointa1 coordinate(i.e.the amplicative ra tin of the tooth height)iS 4:1,2:1,1:1 and SO 设计齿形是由齿轮设计者在齿轮图样上,绘出 的对齿轮齿廓的齿形形状和位置误差要求。设计齿 形曲线图(即设计齿形公差图),是用以说明齿轮啮 台的齿形曲线及其允许公差。图13所示是通过设计 齿形公差图。对于齿轮齿廓具有相同螺旋角的齿形 修正的设计齿形,只有一个设计齿形曲线图,就可以 评定齿廓两侧齿形误差曲线的记录图形的实际形状 和位置误差。但是,对于所谓锥形齿廓,也就是左侧 或右侧齿廓,或驱动侧和从动侧齿廓,具有不同的螺 旋角,而每侧齿廓各有一个所谓的基圆,随着基圆 的平均半径的调整,这就要绘出两个设计齿形曲线 图,才足以评定同一齿廓两侧齿形误差曲线记录图 形的实际形状和位置误差。如图14所示,这是同一 齿轮齿廓两侧的设计齿形曲线图。从图1 4可以看 出,同一齿轮齿廓两侧的设计齿形曲线图的形状和 位置差异还较大。对于有设计要求的渐开线圆柱齿 轮鼓形齿,必须绘制设计齿形曲线图,才能进行齿形 误差曲线记录图形的实际形状和位置的评定。而设 计齿形曲线图,又要根据所使用的渐开线齿轮齿形 测量仪器的设计原理进行绘制。众所周知,渐开线 齿轮齿形测量仪器,分为按渐开线长度展开原理设 计制造的仪器,和按渐开线角度展开原理设计制造 的仪器。例如,选用德意志联邦共和国制造的No. 891渐开线及螺旋角检查仪,它是按渐开线长度展 on.Here a curvilinear Fig of the designed tooth profile of a gear ean be drawn by choosing the ratio 50:1,2:1.Assuming the parameters of a gear as following: Teeth 29.norma1 module 3.25mm,norma1 pressure angle 20。+helical angle 20。,base circle 46.764 mm, norma1 deformation coefficient 0.6604,length of the meshing line 15.97mm,cor rect cutting of the addendum 1 6.3“m,toleramte of the tooth profile 1 2p-m.and then the eurvinlinear Fig.of the designed tooth profile can be drawnu as shown in Fig.14.Also the drawn curvilinear Fig. of the tooth profile ean be reproduced on the trans parent card using as a assessing standard of the de signed error. The transparent card(K card)for Fig.1 4 has been designed according to the involute rolled length Known as Fig.14,we can design a trans— parent card Fig.(K—card)of the involute rolled an— gle.For this,I had introduced in the article《In Accordance with a K—card of the Involute Profile Rolled Length,Design That of the Rolling Angle≥, issued on ̄Drive System Teehique州O.2.1 999. 开原理设计制造的仪器,则用长度坐标法绘制设计 齿形曲线图;选用中华人民共和国喑尔滨量仪厂制 造的3001型齿轮梗I量仪,它是按渐开线角度展开原 理设计制造的仪器,则用角度坐标法绘制设计齿形 曲线图。设计齿形曲线图的绘制方法:长度坐标法 是按曲率半径与其对应的齿形公差进行作图;角度 坐标法是按渐开线展开角与其对应的齿形公差进行 作图。此外,设计齿形曲线图的绘制,其纵向坐标即 旋角2O。、左旋方向、基圆半径46.764mm、法向变形 系数0.26604、啮台线长度1 5.97ram、齿顶修切 1 6.3p.m、齿形公差12p-m 绘制出的设计齿形曲线 齿形放大比和横向坐标即齿高放大比,要与所使用 的齿轮渐开线齿形测量仪器的放大比相适应,并选 用一个恰当的比例进行设计齿形曲线图的绘制。例 图,如图14所示。再把绘制的设计齿形曲线图复制 在透明胶片上,作为设计齿形误差评定标准。如图 1 4所示的透明胶片(K卡片)图,是按渐开线长度展 如,用德意志联邦共和国制造的No891渐开线及螺 旋角检查仪进行渐开线圆柱齿轮鼓形齿齿形误差的 测量,该仪器的纵向坐标即齿形误差放大比有i000 开设计的。已知图l4,就可进行渐开线角度展开的 透明胶片(K一卡片)图的设计,笔者在本刊1 999年2 期上“根据渐开线齿形展开长度的K一卡片设计展开 角的K一卡片”一文中作了介绍。 (下转第33页 1和500 1,横向坐标即齿高放大比有4:1、2: 1和1;1等。这里选用500:1和2:1的比例,进 行一齿轮的设计齿形曲线图的绘制。该齿轮的参数 为:齿数29、法向模数3.25mm、法向压力角20。、螺 传动技术Drive System Technique一39 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

lOWS: multi degree of freedom manipulator etc.which 1)Machine field:can be used to make micro can be used in minima1 environment such as micro mechanical parts for micro system e.g.micro gear pipe inspection and repair. ing,micro connecting rod level mechanism,micro sliding block mechanism etc. Summarize 2)Instrument:e.g.pressure sensor,acceler This article simply summed up the classifi— ation sensor etc. cation,development situation,basic characteristic. 3)Hydro—control:e.g.micro pump,intelli— key technology and application prospect of MEMSgent pump etc一 It shows that as newly rising important crossing 4)Micro optics:e.g.optical cable,optical subject in this century,MEMS has wide develop— scanner,lnterferometer etc. ment and application prospect.But want to realize 5)GSI:manufacturing e.g.vacuum manipu— the function and target which people imagine,there lator,micro position system,gas precision control are 1OtS of difficult problem on science and technol— system etc. ogy need to be settled.Though MEMS develop— 6)Information machine:e.g.magnetic head. ment is on primary stage,its rapid development is printer head,scanner etc. inevitable for it’s a promising subject with high 7)Robot in next century:e.g.micro robot. theory and practice value. (I-接第39页) {KF .J 斗l  fl 。 .J I:兰: I I』 l  l 图13 Fig.1 3 田l4 Fig 1 4 传动技术Drive System Techrifque一33 

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