球流淌的互联网时代,以传统对话现代、以中国对话西方的一种新的文化努力。
尽管与享誉世界的英国爱丁堡戏剧节、法国阿维尼翁戏剧节相比,才举办两届的乌镇戏剧节还显得如此年轻,但其文化交流的演进路线却已初露端倪。
今年的乌镇戏剧节比首届更加丰富多元,17部国内外大戏、12部青年竞演单元作品、12场大师小镇对话、5场工作坊以及将近1500场街头表演,让乌镇变成一个“戏剧天堂”,令所有为之前来的人,都对戏、人、景心醉神迷。
改变不仅仅止于数字的增长。从邀请戏剧的多元化、剧目的安排来看,更处处可见文化交流共享的匠心独运。开幕的中国大戏《青蛇》,与闭幕的美国大戏《白蛇》首尾呼应,题材相同而风格迥异,对比充满趣味。
10月30日晚,《青蛇》在水剧场露天实景首演。烟雨迷蒙,2500名观众几乎无人离席。观众们用这种方式,表达了对《青蛇》颠覆性解构传统《白蛇传》民间故事的认可。该剧一反传统,以小青的视角重现人、妖、佛及对真情假意的感悟。“看一场这样的大戏,算是圆了一个梦。”外国艺术家们用尽了他们能够形容“震撼”的单词评价《青蛇》:Wonderful!Amazing!Mircle!Fantastic!苏格兰国家剧院制作人Neil激动地说:“看过剧场版《青蛇》,但今晚这一版超乎想象的好看。雨来得正好,田沁鑫导演的调度充满了智慧!”
美国话剧最高奖托尼奖得主玛丽·辛默曼导演的《白蛇》,则以一种独特的视角、风趣幽默的对白,诠释出美国人眼里的中国经典神话。剧中融入中国传统戏曲元素,舞台布景、服装、灯光、音乐皆极尽细致,人蛇之恋的另类叙述颇为新鲜,着实是国内观众难得一见的戏剧精品。“这是非常具有想象力、有创意的做法!”乌镇戏剧节艺术总监赖声川说,外国人做我们中国的题材并不多,过去在19世纪,做中国题材不管是《蝴蝶夫人》也好,还是花鼓歌也好,加入一些中国的元素,事实上是扭曲地变成一些外国的艺术,中国的文化并没有真正被老外理解。辛默曼则颠覆了这一传统做法,全剧的幽默元素贯穿始终,加上演员的丰富表演,异域文化的碰撞理解成为观众最为期待的看点。
人类的文化交流自古至今生生不息,漫长的演化总是由
聆听小镇对话《两头蛇,两种视角》
At the symposium is a conversation on the dramas of the two
snakes respectively produced by Chinese and American artists.
点滴努力积累而成,由曲解而至理解,由隔阂而至化合。乌镇戏剧节又何尝不是烙印着文化交流的印记呢?丹麦欧丁剧团此次带来的剧目《追忆》,是献给在奥斯威辛集中营里幸存而后又自杀的作家普里·利未和简·埃默里的作品。《女仆》一剧则是中国导演孟京辉对于世界上是否存在一种叫做“女仆主义”的一次艺术化探讨。另一位中国导演林兆华的作品《拍案惊奇之一鸟六命》,围绕宋徽宗年间的一起无头公案展开,这是他对话剧艺术民族化的一次大胆尝试……
转 化
今年正值威廉·莎士比亚诞辰450周年,本届乌镇戏剧节特别推出“致敬经典”系列。例如,印度团体剧场带来了精心制作的《第十二夜》。《莎士比亚全集(浓缩版)》则来自美国的剧团。美国戏剧人将37部莎翁剧作浓缩成一部97分钟的话剧,让观众在短短的时间里看尽人生百态。演出涵盖了音乐、舞蹈和戏剧等形式,满台的快速换装、场景切换、角色互串,把莎翁拉下“神坛”,重返欢乐人间。
莎士比亚这位英国剧作巨匠,给世人留下了37部戏剧,自17世纪开始就传入德、法、意、俄及北欧诸国,然后渐及美国乃至世界各地,对各国戏剧发展产生了巨大、深远的影响。莎剧跨越各个时代、各种文化的经久流传,经历了怎样的文化
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2014年第十二期
CULTURAL DIALOGUE特邀剧目:印度《第十二夜》(左)、中国《拍案惊奇之一鸟六命》(右上)、美国《莎士比亚全集(浓缩版)》
Invitation Performances: The Twelfth Night (Indian version), Kill Six People with One Bird (Chinese version), and The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged)
演进?对于文化交流又有何启示?11月1日下午,本届乌镇戏剧节的首场小镇对话,即以“国际戏剧节之莎士比亚演出”为主题展开。这场重量级对话由华语世界最知名的导演赖声川主持,中央戏剧学院戏剧研究所所长沈林、美国导演丽莎·勒诺、印度导演阿图·库玛,几位来自不同文化的戏剧“大咖”,坐在古色古香的木质圈椅上,品着乌镇当地特色的白菊茶,聊起共同挚爱的莎翁。
轻松对谈中尽显机锋,文化碰撞的火花四溅,文化交流的心有灵犀,都在古镇空气里流淌。“莎士比亚离开本土就被转化。莎士比亚在不同的语言和文化中会发生不同的转化,但这种转化不是坏事,因为莎士比亚已经成为一种象征—不同文化渴望彼此沟通交流的象征,也是一种媒介—不同国家和文化都能接受并进行对话的媒介。”来自英语世界的丽莎·勒诺对于所有文化分享莎士比亚表现出完全开放的欢迎态度。
“我感到非英语的莎士比亚太精彩太好看了!”丽莎·勒诺认为,转化会产生新的意义,莎士比亚与不同文化结合会呈现不同的新形态。她曾经看过韩国人排演的《麦克白》,竟然用三个人分别代表麦克白夫人的三种情绪,这样难以想象的三条线,创造的意象竟然非常灿烂诗意!
全球化的莎士比亚演给全球看,未必成功;相反,被各种不同文化转化过的莎士比亚倒可能极具文化生命力。作为这种“转化”最成功的实践者之一,印度导演阿图·库玛有着极为深切的感受。他说,印度大约有几百万剧团会排演莎士比亚戏剧,过去曾被要求使用准确的英语口音,到英国去学习莎士比亚时代的服装、道具以及传统的演出方式。“我们剧团也尝试这样做,但每次都全然失败!”阿图·库玛说,真正会让印度观众产生共鸣的,是莎士比亚戏剧中跟印度文化呼应的部分,“莎士比亚的戏必须活在我们自己的文化里!”
化 合
在阿图·库玛导演之下,采用了印度各种民间表演形式、
谱上印度风味乐曲、糅杂了印度式混搭英语的“印度乡村版莎士比亚”诞生了。当被邀请到英国伦敦环球剧场去演出时,阿图·库玛曾非常忐忑,然而事实上演出获得巨大成功—伦敦雨天的户外演出,观众座无虚席。迄今,印度团体剧场的《第十二夜》已经在全世界演了100多场。而伦敦的环球剧场则以此为开端,邀请德国、日本、罗马尼亚等世界各地的剧团去演绎不同的哈姆雷特和麦克白。“各国对莎士比亚的不同演绎,让英国人大开眼界!”小镇对话现场,一位来自英国的听众激动而恳切地发言:“我请求大家继续‘发明’莎士比亚,这是莎士比亚所需要的!”
戏剧研究专家沈林对此也表示赞同。他觉得,莎士比亚戏剧的魅力就在于剧本留下来了,但表演方式没有,给后来世界各地天才的导演和舞美很大的创作空间。“莎剧中最美妙的是人性,人性才是全世界都可以感受共鸣的东西。我们要从自己的内心去寻找支撑点,莎士比亚才有生命力。”他说,用迷信、崇拜的态度去做经典文化是很危险的,如果死守传统,用所谓古代的声调、服装去演绎莎士比亚,那只能是“活死人”。由此更进一步,沈林认为,与物质遗产的继承不同,文化遗产的继承需要一个学习、驯化、重新发现的过程,如果没有学习就继承不了文化遗产,因此我们与其说一个国家有没有权力去继承别国文化,不如说更多要看有没有这种能力。
印度人做中国菜,不一定要顶礼膜拜全盘照抄,而要取我所需转为我用。治大国如烹小鲜,文化交流传播也如烹小鲜。令人欣慰的是,这样积极、自信、理性的文化交流态度,已经被越来越多的人所接受,这在乌镇戏剧节中随处可以感受到。
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SPECIALS特别报道
工作坊《剧场创作之团队合作方法》
Workshop: Teamwork for theater creativity
“我们最主要的目的是学习。国内外戏剧大师云集,这是一个极为难得的学习平台!”来自武汉高校的国王&小丑剧团,已连续两年带着自编自导的剧目来参加乌镇街头嘉年华表演,其负责人叶果说,话剧源自西方,特别是公共空间表演在欧洲已有很长历史,在中国才刚刚起步,他们希望来这里看看世界上比较成熟的作品加以学习。而从另一个方面来说,戏剧真正生动的“观演力”“创作力”在民间,他们也亟需学习中国传统戏剧文化,找到自己文化的脉络和内核。
这样的文化自信正在年轻人中觉醒。今年乌镇戏剧节期间得到超高赞誉的侗族傩戏和泉州提线木偶,在演出时,观众都把几寸的“舞台”围得里三层外三层,就是力证。中国文
化中的质朴、洗练、童趣、讽刺,虚与实的交错、假扮与真实之间的微妙关系值得一再反刍和追寻,那也是我们最终可以区别于他国艺术文化的标志所在。而这,又悄然引出了明年乌镇戏剧节的年度主题—“承”。幻化万千之间,“承”的内涵将逐渐一一呈现。乌镇,这个千年古镇,曾浸润了灿烂的传统文化因子;如今,文艺复兴的全景幕布正拉伸展开。无时无刻不在进行的交融、映射、演化、转化,奏响了一曲中西文化碰撞交流的“进步颂”。□
(本文照片由作者提供)
2014 Wuzhen Theater Festival: Metamorphoses
Text and Translation by Chen Yanwen
From October 30 to November 9, Wuzhen, a canal town in the northern Zhejiang, held its second theater festival. For 11 days and nights, the town celebrated the ancient art and modern fantasy of theater. Featuring “Metamorphoses” as its theme for 2014, the an-nual event saw 17 major plays, 12 performances in the category of Young Theater Artists’ Competition, 12 symposiums, and 5 work-shops and nearly 1,500 street shows. For 11 days and nights, Wuz-hen was the world’s theater itself.
The metamorphoses the festival staged could be seen in The Green Snake, a Chinese production at the opening night of October 30 and The White Snake, an American fantasy at the closing night of November 9. A sharp contrast based on the two different charac-ters of the same Chinese folk tale, the two plays presented different
styles and fun.
The Green Snake unfolded at the Water Theater, an outdoor venue in the town. An audience of 2,500 attended. A subversive reinterpretation of the traditional folk tale of The Story of White Snake directed by Tian Qinxin, the play reexamines the relations of humans, monsters and Buddhists. The performance was widely ap-plauded.
The White Snake was directed by Mary Zimmerman, the recipi-ent of 2002 Tony Award for Best Direction. Zimmerman brings to this timeless romance her usual brilliant mix of ingenious stage-craft, song, abundant humor, and compassion. Stan Lai, a Taiwan-based theater director and artistic director of Wuzhen Theater Fes-tival, spoke highly of Zimmerman’s imagination and creativity. He
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2014年第十二期
CULTURAL DIALOGUE嘉年华:中国提线木偶(左)、比利时《欧瑞比利斯机器人》
Two views of the Street Carnival at Wuzhen Theater Festival: a marionette show by Chinese artists and a robot show by Belgium artists
pointed out that some Chinese elements had been introduced into western theater productions in the past, but the productions were not Chinese and the Chinese culture was not really understood. Zim-merman discarded the western practice and produced the adaptation that went well with Chinese audience.
A key part of the festival this year was dedicated to the com-memoration of the 450th anniversary of the birthday of Shake-speare. The Company Theater of India performed The Twelfth Night in the Hindi language with Chinese and English subtitles. Mumbai's
街头即景
A street view during Wuzhen Theater Festival
Company Theatre brings its acclaimed vitality and inventiveness to Wuzhen's iconic Ancient Courtyard Theatre. Amidst the splendor of the Chinese wood carved stage, in the quiet setting of this southern Chinese water town, Shakespeare's comic classic unfolded, under the skillful and joyous direction of Atul Kumar. Another celebration of Shakespeare at the festival was The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged) staged by The Reduced Shakespeare Com-pany. All the 37 plays by Shakespeare were shortened into a gala of 97 minutes.
On the afternoon of November 1, a symposium was held to dis-cuss Shakespeare attended by directors. The directors agreed that Shakespeare in translation and creative adaptation was the way for the future of Shakespeare. Imitations of the original English ver-sions often led to failures. On the other hand, Shakespeare reinvent-ed to cater to local audience is mostly welcome. Indian director Atul Kumar gave a general account of Shakespeare in India. The troupe where he worked used to perform Shakespeare in English and the whole performances were faithfully copied from Great Britain. None of them appealed to the Indian audience. Shakespeare comes alive after he is reinvented and made into part of Indian culture. The Twelfth Night under the direction of Atul Kumar has been a great success acclaimed in the world.
This Indian version of The Twelfth Night has been performed more than 100 times across the world. Its success at Globe Theater in London was so sensational that the theater decided to invite for-eign troupes to stage their versions of Hamlet and Macbeth.
The festival attracted quite a few young theater artists from all over China to expose themselves to the best of Chinese and foreign theater. Kings and Clowns, a college student troupe from Wuhan, a major city in central China, performed their street shows in the Wuzhen Carnival for two consecutive years. Ye Guo, the director of the troupe, said they were willing to stage their shows in streets and squares, following the footsteps of their European pioneers. The artists came to open their eyes to the world’s best and the Chinese theater tradition. □
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