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专业 09
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eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changiadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be basetemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitality领导科学 论领导的科学性及艺术性 机械能源工程系 热工一班
ctice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyDesk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests ofust strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workng. Prad on reality, not divorced from reality. one accountable. First, we mwell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be
论领导科学性及艺术性
摘要我国领导学面世已20余年，在领导实践中日益显示出强大的生命力。领导学的科学性究竟怎样?此文从领导学研究的主观性、实验不是判断领导学科学性的唯一手段、领导学内含价值评价的客观性、领导学研究对象、领导学概念理论的多样性、领导学的科学性是一个过程六个方面给予回答。在新世纪来临之际，
我们期望就领导学的科学性问题进行深入讨论。 关键字 提升领导素质，， 艺术性 正文
领导科学与艺术是指挥、引导、影响他人的能力，是管理者作风、学识、智慧、技能、个性、修养、阅历、价值观等素质层次的综合体现，也是人格魅力、沟通能力、创造力、塑造力、自制力等各种能力的结合。改进领导作风，把握领导工作规律，不断增强领导工作的科学性和艺术性，是适应新形势和新任务、推动事业科学发展的基本要求。
1.提升领导素质
领导素质的重要性使得领导素质理论研究也变得非常重要，以至于实际上成为领导科学的核心内容。作为领导科学中最重要的领域，领导素质理论要科学地反映领导行为及其结果的内在缘由，从行为科学的角度揭示领导规律；要回答领导素质是什么、怎么样等等描述性问题，还要回答有哪些素质构成、有什么样的具体素质内容、这些素质内容是如何在领导活动过程中发挥作用的、有什么样的规律可循，在成败之间是如何发挥关键作用的等等。这些都是完全基于领导实践、又为领导实践服务的非常实际的理论。加强领导素质理论的基础研究和应用研究，将有助于领
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thpositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be导科学实质性、突破性的发展，也有助于领导的科学性和艺术性进一步提高。显然，领导素质理论现实意义非常重大。不研究领导素质并从中实现突破，就永远不能深入到领导科学和领导艺术的殿堂而取得硕果，也难以对领导实践真正起到更重大的作用。
作为领导干部，要提升自己的人格魅力必须加强理论学习，坚定理想信念，努力吸取新知识，不断用知识来武装自己，提高自己的修养。领导干部的思想境界和知识水平不是与生俱来，也不是凭一纸任命就能得到自然提升的。特别是在今天这个信息爆炸的知识型社会，知识陈旧、本领恐慌是每个人尤其是领导干部面临的最大危机。如果满足于已有的知识，疏于学习提高，整天忙于迎来送往，忙于交际应酬，不能排除干扰，潜心学习，就必然会头脑空空，落伍于时代。为此，作为一名领导干部必须始终把学习当作提高素质、提升人格魅力、提高执政能力的重要内容来认真加以对待。不仅要努力向书本学习，向实践学习，而且要注意向同事乃至部属学习。只有这样，才能不断提高理论水平和政治水平，才能更好地履行党和人民赋予自己的使命。
2.科学性服务
衡量一个领导干部有没有本事和本事的大小，一个很重要的标准就是看他善不善于走群众路线，善不善于从群众中吸取智慧，善不善于把群众的积极性和力量调动起来、凝聚起来，去发展群众自己的事业。有些领导干部抱怨干部队伍整体素质不齐，办事人办事意识不高，工作开展有一定的难度。实际上，现在我们干部队伍的素质是在不断提高的，办事人对的认识也在逐步加深，问题是我们一些干部丢掉了党的优良作风，高高在上，不知道群众在想什么，有什么意见，成天泡在文件里或会议室，工作中“超出实际可能”，热衷于“政绩工程”。可以说此风不改，必将影响党同人民群众的联系。
我认为，领导干部密切联系群众，就是必须按照群众的需要和志愿，而不是从任何良好的个人愿望出发。对待干部职工，应该深入其中，耐心诚恳地倾听干部的呼声、意见，通过细致的思
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be想政治工作去启发和提高他们的觉悟。对待办事人，领导干部要带领干部职工以诚信服务换诚信办事，要求办事人办事讲诚信的同时，基层部门的行政行为也要讲诚信，做到诚信行政与诚信办事的有机结合、和谐统一，为办事人营造宽松、和谐、守信、便捷的环境，使办事人感到投资有望，经营有利，发展有路，生财有道，进而诚信办事。
3.保持良好心态需要艰苦奋斗
好的心态，表现出一种生命力，一种自信和健康的精神风貌，在这个意义上，心态即精神状态，精神支撑。有的领导干部不能正确对待先富与后富的关系，产生了一种盲目的攀比心态；有的领导干部感到自己在政治上潜力不大了，产生“堤内损失堤外补”、“政治损失经济补”、“仕途损失金钱补”等种种想法，产生一种片面的补偿心态；还有一些领导干部感觉到自己政治生命到头了，忙忙碌碌一生，也没有留下什么钱财，没有“衣锦还乡”、“封妻荫子”，没有“夫贵妻荣”、“父贵子荣”，面对家人产生一种狭隘的愧欠心态，最终心态失衡，走上一条不归路。
如何才能在纷繁复杂的社会利益变动中摆正心态呢？胡锦涛同志讲:“我们党是靠艰苦奋斗起家的，也是靠艰苦奋斗发展壮大、成就伟业的。没有艰苦奋斗，就没有我们党今天的局面。”艰苦奋斗是领导干部的立身之本，领导干部要养浩然之气、堂堂正气，保持健康良好的心态，艰苦奋斗精神不可缺。发扬艰苦奋斗传统，领导干部必须身体力行，不计较个人得失，不追求荣誉地位，不贪图待遇享受。讲工作，不讲待遇；讲奉献，不讲索取。摆正自我位置，保持良好心态，发扬艰苦奋斗的工作作风，保持情趣健康的生活作风。要以感恩的心态对人，以进取的心态做事，以顺其自然的心态看待仕途的升迁，同干部群众一道艰苦奋斗，努力带出一个艰苦奋斗的领导班子，带出一支艰苦奋斗的干部队伍，带出一种艰苦奋斗的社会风气。
4．开拓创新需要敢为人先
开拓创新是历史发展的必然要求，是经济、社会发展的重要动力和源泉。新世纪的领导干部要始终保持探索热情，增强创新
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thpositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be意识，坚持解放思想，与时俱进，立足岗位，勇于探索，跳出思维定势，想工作之需，思发展之效，求落实之实。在传统的政治文化的长期熏陶下，在我们的各级领导干部队伍中并不缺乏遵守规则、兢兢业业的努力工作者，而善于独立思考，敢于打破常规，敢做敢为者则屈指可数。领导干部具备改变现状的冲动和能力，坚持不惟书不惟上，独立思考，大胆创新非常关键。
为此，邓小平同志在改革开放伊始就明确倡导要在全党范围内“解放思想”，“要独立思考，敢想、敢说、敢做”。他还针对党内思想僵化、随风倒、不讲党性、不讲原则、说起话来看风头、看风向等现象，一针见血地指出:“书上没有的，文件上没有的，领导人没有讲过的，就不敢多说一句话，多做一件事，一切照抄照报照搬照转。把对上级负责和对人民负责对立起来。”因此，领导干部开拓创新要积极独立思考，敢为人先。领导干部只有大胆探索，努力认知，不人云亦云，不拾人牙慧，工作才能有活力和创造力。
5．修炼自制力需要廉洁自律
自制力是控制、管束自己欲望和情绪的本领。明代有个典史曹鼎，一次抓获了一名绝色女贼，不及回县，两人便夜宿一破庙，不想那女贼屡以色相诱他，曹鼎自觉快要挺不住了，就用纸片写上“曹鼎不可”四字，贴在墙上警示自己。过了一会儿，当心痒难耐时，便把纸撕下来，可转念一想，觉得不妥，再次写，再次撕，反复十多次。一夜过去，终于挡住了诱惑。“曹鼎不可”折射出来的道理，今天仍给我们以深刻的借鉴和启迪。平心而论，面对可餐的秀色，曹鼎并没做到心如止水，也有心猿意马的时候。然而，他终于保全了自己清白的名声，靠的就是坚强的自制力。
作为人民公仆的领导干部，应有比曹鼎层次更高、标准更严、效果更强的自制力。税务部门是执法机关，我们领导干部手中也掌握有一定的权力，要面对诱惑不心动，自觉做到秉公用权、廉洁从政，常修从政之德、常思贪欲之害、常怀律己之心、常弃非分之想。否则，如果放松对自己廉政自律的要求，自制力就会松懈、减弱、甚至丧失，对自己的私欲不能节制，必将一失足成千
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thepositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be古恨，沦落为人民的罪人。
6.锻造高效团队需要以身作则
德国动物学家霍斯特发现了一个有趣的现象：鲦鱼因个体弱小而常常群居，并以强健者为自然首领。然而，如果将一只较为强健的鲦鱼脑后控制行为的部分割除后，此鱼便失去自制力，行动也发生紊乱，但是其他鲦鱼却仍像从前一样“唯马首是瞻”，盲目追随！鲦鱼的首领行动紊乱导致整个鲦鱼群行动紊乱，这就是在企业管理中经常提到的“鲦鱼效应”！同样，领导者就是一个团队的核心，他的一言一行将影响整个团队的发展。
香港富商李嘉诚说:“在我看来，要成为好的管理者，首要任务是自我管理。”自我管理也就是自我领导，自我领导是一种能力，也是一种能量。领导干部要打造带领一支进步、团结、高效的队伍，首先必须加强自我领导，要认识到规则是给别人定的，更是给自己定的，不要轻易丧失原则和纪律。其次要注重严于律己，以身作则，“领导的实质就是影响别人”，要以领导魅力带动、影响、促进广大干部职工改进工作，为实现共同目标而努力奋斗。只有强化责任意识，始终做到事事处处以自己的模范作用带动和影响周围的群众，才能提高工作效率，锻造高效团队，成为队伍的中坚力量。
7.总结
领导活动既具有科学性又具有艺术性，是两者的有机统一。但领导既不是一门纯粹的科学，也不是一门纯粹的艺术，它是一门工艺学，是需要花费工夫才可以实现的学问。领导不是说你知道怎么回事就可以领导好，也不是靠着匹夫之勇就可以实现的！是靠领导的功力的修炼，功夫达到了，就可以领导好。老道的功底是实现好领导的前提和基础。
我觉得领导活动要做到科学性和艺术性的统一。实现的过程是领导者功夫不断修炼的过程。没有一个固定的程式！《孙子兵法》说“将者，智信仁勇严也”。我认为只有做到智商和情商，甚至是社交商、人际商的完美统一，才可以创造神奇的领导活动神话！造就卓越的领导人。高素质的领导者是实现领导活动科学
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitalitywell, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. \"Three emphasis on\" to take advantagof. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both \"record\" and \"potential performance\"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both \"pragmatic\" enough, take another look at the \"retreat\" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset thpositive significance of evaluation. Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding \"infidelity\". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be性和艺术性统一的灵魂所在。其次，还要有先进的领导制度作背景依托，否则，领导者再优秀也走不出制度的泥潭！制度好，领导者还可以事半功倍！第三还要有被领导者的良好配合，领导与被领导形成默契，同心同德，强烈共鸣才可以奏出领导活动完美和谐的乐章！
参考文献
[1] 张伟，领导者论，上海：上海交通大学出版社，2008
[2] 郭晓君， 领导工作的科学性和艺术性[M]，北京：中国经济出版社,1990
eople-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. erms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to activelyadapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business. Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests oftemptations, exciting \"energy\" conservation \"disposition\" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. \"In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division.\" This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to \"it is an official term for the benefit of\" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, \"plug in own responsibility\nhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres workefforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitality
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