a great/good many: a large number of许多。修饰可数名词复数。
I’m quite busy. I have a great many things to do. 我很忙，我有很多事要做。 若复数名词前有限定词或其修饰的为代词时，应加of .
①A great many of the books have been sold out. 已经卖了很多书了。 ②A great many of them are out of work.他们很多人失业了。 able(可以的，有能力的，可能的) ①He is an able man.那人本事不小。 enable(v)使……能
②We must learn more to enable us to face all the difficulties.我们要多学知识以便能面对各种困难。 disable:有残疾的，不能干的；the disabled表示一类人（残疾人） able作词辍时
①可以……的，值得……的（有被动含义）
eatable可食用的，measurable可以测量、估计的；readable可读的 ②其他含义：conformable舒适的、安逸的；suitable 合适的，恰当的 above,over,on
三个词都可以表示―在……上―，但用法不同。On表示与某物体表面接触；over表示在某物体垂直的上方，含―布满、覆盖、跨越‖之意，与under 相对；above表示位置高于，但不一定垂直，与below相对。注意：与数字、数量、长度词连用时，多用over,同more than。如：over10,000people一万多人；表示年龄、刻度多用above，如a man above fifty五十开外的人；above zero零度以上。
习惯用语：well above average远在一般以上；above sea-level海拔以上；the one above上面的一个；above all首先，尤其重要的是；over there 那边； all over 遍及；over again 再一遍；over and over再三地
[应用]介词填空
①There lay an umbrella_______the table and some raincoats _____it.
②The mother held an umbrella______the boy’s head so that the sun wouldn’t burn him. ③ There seemed to be a war and many planes were flying____the city. ④The moon was______the trees in the east. Key:①on,under ②over ③over ④above above all 首先，特别是，最重要的是 after all 到底，毕竟
at all (用来加强语气)与not连用，表示―一点也不，完全不‖。 in all 总共
all but 几乎，差点没（=almost,nearly） ①We have all but finished the work. ②The day turned out fine after all.
③Children need many things ,but above all they need love. ④He wasn’t at all tired.
⑤Do you feel ill at all(真的，确实)？ ⑥There were twenty in all at the party. accident/event/ incident
event一般指重大事件。accident多指意外或偶然发生的事故，特别是不幸的、有损害性的事故。incident相对于accident来说，显得不很重要，指―小事件‖，它还可以用来表示―事变‖，如叛乱、爆炸等。如：
The broadcaster is broadcasting the news on current events.广播员正在播报时事新闻。 He was badly injured in the traffic accident.在那起交通事故中，他严重受伤。
There was an incident on the bus: a man fought with the conductor.那辆公共汽车上发生了一件事，有个人和售票员打了起来。
Have you heard of Xi’an Incident?你听说过―西安事变‖吗？ admit vt.①接纳，许可……进入（allow sb./sth.to enter）
He was admitted to the school this year.Only two hundred boys and girls are admitted to our school every year.
②承认，后可接名词，doing、从句或复合结构。
I admit my fault.She admitted having read the letter.He admitted that his comprehension was weak.You must admit the task to be difficult.
advice建议；劝告。是不可数名词，―一条建议‖应用a piece of advice。常用结构。 give sb.advice(on)/give advice给某人提（关于……的）建议；忠告某人。 ask(sb.)for advice征求（某人的）意见。
①Marx gave us some good advice on how to learn a foreign language.关于如何学好外语，马克思给我们提了些好建议。
②If you take /follow my advice,you’ll pass the exam.如果你听从我的建议，你会考试及格的。 ③Let’s ask our teacher for some advice.咱们征求一下老师的意见吧。 admire（= respect / praise）vt.羡慕，钦佩，夸奖 admire sb.（for sth.）佩服某人某事
Visitors to Beijing greatly admire our Palace Museum. 去北京的游人极其羡慕我们的故宫。
I admire him for his wisdom.我佩服他的智慧。 别忘了夸奖孩子。
对比：envy（= jealous）vt.嫉妨，羡慕 envy sb.（sth.）嫉妒/羡慕某人某事 We all envy you your good future. 我们都很羡慕你的好运。
advise sb. to do sth.建议某人做某事（suggest不这样用）。 ①I advise you to take the chance.我建议你抓住机会。 ②—What do you advise me to do?你建议我怎么办？
—I advise you not to lose heart; just keep on.我劝你不要灰心，继续干。
advise 还可同suggest一样，后接名词、代词、动名词（短语）和that从句（用虚拟语气）作宾语。 ①—What would you advise?你有什么建议吗？ —I advise you an early start我建议你早点出发。
②I advise holding a metting to discuss the problem.我建议召开一次会议来讨论这个问题。 ③I advise you (should) go to once.我建议你马上去。 advise ，persuade
persuade sb. to do sth.意为―说服某人做某事‖，强调劝说成功，说服；advise sb. to do sth. 意为―劝说某人做某事‖，不涉及劝说是否有效，相当于try to persuade sb. to do sth.。如：
The doctor persuaded my father to give up smoking.医生说服我爸爸戒了烟。 The doctor advised my father to give up smoking, but failed. 医生劝我爸爸戒烟，但没成功。 advise; suggest
advise 与suggest 都可作―建议‖讲，二者用法有同有异。 (1)相同点
表示建议做某事，advise与suggest都可采用下列三种句型: ① + 名词 ② + 动名词
③ + that从句（从句中常用should加动词原形，should可以省略。） eg. He advised/ suggested an early start. He advised/ suggested (our) starting early. He advised/ suggested that we (should) start early.
(注：只要是用从句表示建议该做的事，从句中就可用―should+动词原形‖，should可以省略。)上面的第三句可转化为：
It was suggested that we (should) start early. What he suggested was that we(should) start early. His suggestion was that we (should) start early. (2)不同点
①advise后可以跟人称代词作宾语，而suggest后不可以跟人称代词作宾语。故可以说：
advise sb. to do sth.; advise sb. against (doing) sth.; advise sb. on/ about sth.; suggest(to sb.)that... 前三种结构中不可将advise改为suggest，如： 他建议我们去参观博物馆。
[正]He advised us to go to visit the museum. [误]He suggested us to go to visit the museum. [误]He suggested us that we go to visit the museum.
②suggest还有―暗示、表明、说、指出（一个事实）‖的意思。此时从句中用陈述语气，不用虚拟语气。如：
The smile on his face suggested that he was pleased.
Having examined carefully, the doctor suggested that the patient was seriously ill.(句中suggest陈述了一个事实，故用陈述语气。)比较：
Having examined carefully, the doctor suggested that the Patient be
operated on at once.(句中suggest表示建议该做某事，从句中用should加动词原形，should在从句中省略。)
affect（=have an effect on sth.）vt.影响（effect n.影响） This may affect your health. 这或许会影响你的健康。
My throat is always affected by bad weather. 我的嗓子总是受恶劣天气的影响。 afraid
1)―be afraid of+名词‖，意为―害怕‖。
2）―be afraid of doing sth‖意为―担心，害怕……‖。 3）―be afraid for…‖意为―为……担心。‖ 4）―be afraid that…‖意为―担心，恐怕‖。
5）―be afraid to do ‖意为―害怕，担心而不敢做某事‖。 6）I’m afraid so/not.恐怕是这样/恐怕不会这样 [应用]完成句子 ①女孩子一般都怕蛇。
Girls are usually______ _____snakes. ②他怕把杯子打碎，因而很小心。
He was careful because he was afraid______ _____the glass. ③你不为自己的安全担心吗？ Are you afraid_______your safety? ④恐怕她会迷路。
I am _____ _____she will lose her way. ⑤汤姆把钱丢了，也不敢告诉他母亲。
Tom lost the money and was afraid________ ______his mother. Key:①afraid,of ②of,breaking ③for ④afraid,that ⑤to tell
again and again = time and time again = over and over = over and over again再三地 The old man thinks of his happy past again and again. 这位老人再三地想起他幸福的过去。 age
(1)n.年龄，时代，时期
The old man died at the age of 80/when he was 80 years of age/when he was 80 years old. 那位老人80岁时去世了。 He is young for his age. 就他的年龄而论，他是年轻的。 What is the age of the church? 这座教堂多少年了？
He was the greatest poet of the age. 他是那个时代最伟大的诗人。 (2)vi./vt. 变老
He is aging fast. Worry ages a man. 他老得很快。忧虑令人老！ I found him greatly aged. 我发现他老多了。
拓展：（1）adj. aged……岁的，年老的 a boy aged ten 一个10岁的男孩 an aged man老人 (2)人生的七期
baby→infant→child→youth→manhood→middle age→old age 婴儿/0→幼儿7→儿童12→青年28→壮年40→中年65→老年 agree 同意。常用桔构：
(1)agree on 对……取得一致意见或达成协议,一般表示原双方共同商讨以后达成协议的名词)。主语必须是两者以上。也常用被动语态，表示―（某事）是大家都同意的‖。 如：
①They agreed on the date for the next meeting.对下次会议的日期他们达成了一致意见。 ②At last,the plan was agreed on. 最后，这项计划通过了。
③I don’t agree with you to this arrangement, but perhaps, after a discussion we will agree on this project.我不赞同你在这件事的安排，但或许在协商之后我们可以就这个工程达成共识。
(2)agree to 同意；赞成。to 为介词，后接表示―建议；办法；计划‖等名词。 ①Do you agree to my plan?你同意我的计划吗？
②The headmaster has agreed to our suggestion for the holiday.校长同意了我们度假的建议。 (3)agree with同意；赞成。后接sb. 或what 从句。
I agree with you ,but I don’t agree with what he said.我同意你的意见，但我不同意他所说的。另外，agree with还有―与……相适应/相一致‖的意思。
The climate here doesn’t agree with me .我不适应这里的气候。 (4)agree to do sth.同意、答应做某事。
Do you agree to go with us if we agree to lend you some money?如果我们答应借钱给你，你同意和我们一起去吗？
ahead短语归纳
go ahead朝前走，请便（同意对方继续干或同意对方的请求）；go ahead (on)with… 继续；ahead of在……前面，早于，优先；ahead of time提前
[应用]完成句子
①他朝前走去看看发生了什么事情。
He ________ ________ to see what had happened. ②我可以坐这个座位吗？请坐吧。 May I take this seat?________ _______. ③汤姆的数学比玛丽好。
Tom is ________ _______ Mary in maths. ④她比我早到2个小时。
She arrived two hours _______ _______me. ⑤他们已提前三周完成了设计。
They have completed the design ________ _______ ________ _______time. Key:①went,ahead ②Go,ahead ③/ ④ahead,of ⑤three,weeks,ahead,of alive,living,live,lively,lovely区别 1)lovely意―可爱的‖，―美好的‖如：
a lovely day 美好的一天 a lovely girl 可爱的女孩
2)alive 意为―活着的、有活力的‖,是表语形容词，可修饰人、物； 在句中做表语宾补和或后置定词，不能用作前置定语。如
He was alive when he was taken to the hospital.他被送往医院时还活着。 Although he is old, he is still very much alive. 虽然年老了，但他仍十分活跃。
The fish is still alive/living.那条鱼还活着。 Keep him alive, please.请让他活下去吧。
He is the only man alive in the accident.他是事故中惟一活着的人。 After the war , he remained alive .战后他还活着。 Those alive will gather here. 活着的人将在此相聚。
3)living 意为―活着的、有生命的‖，主要用于作前置定语及冠词the 之后表示一类人，也可用作表语，可修饰人或物。如：
a living plant 活的植物
The living will go on with the work of the dead.活着的人将继续死者的工作。 all living things所有生物 the living 在世者，活着的人们 Latin is not a living language. 拉丁语不是现代使用的语言。
He is still living at the age of 95.95岁了他还活着。 4)live [laiv]
（1）（动、植物）―活的‖，―有生命的‖，―活生生的，主要用来说鸟或其它动物，作前置定语；如：a live fish一条活鱼 a live tiger 一只活老虎
(2)实况的，现场直播的；如：a live report现场报道a live show/broadcast/TV program现场转播的表演/实况广播/现场直播的电视节目
living有精神的，活泼的，快活的，轻快的 Her grandfather is still living at the age of 93. 她爷爷已经93岁了，仍然健在。
5)lively 意为―活泼的‖，―有生气的‖, 生动的 ―生动的‖，可用作表语、定语，指人或物。如： a lively child 活泼的孩子
a lively discription 生动的描述如：
a lively mind 活跃的头脑 a lively discussion 热烈的讨论a way of making one’s classes lively 使课堂生动的方法
He told a lively story about his life in Africa. 他讲述了一个有关他的非洲生活的一个生动故事。 Young children are usually lively. 年轻人通常很活泼。
all the same adj.都一样；无所谓（to+n.）
①You can stay or leave now;It’s all the same to me.
②It’s all the same to me whether we’ll go there today or tomorrow. adv.仍然，还是 Thank you all the same.
all the year round 全年，一年到头
In the west coast of Canada,it rains all the year round. allow与permit 1)用法相同
allow / permit sb .to do sth .允许某人做某事
allow / permit doing sth . 允许做某事。此时动词只用ing 形式。 反义词forbid 具有同样用法。 2)意义有异同
许多情况下可换用，只是词意的强弱上有差异。allow语意较弱，含有―听任‖，―默许‖，―不加阻止‖的意思；permit 语意较强，强调―正式认可‖，―批准‖的意思。如：
The nurse allowed him to remain there ,though it was not permitted. 护士让他留在那里，虽然这时（规定）不允许的。 amaze vt.使……惊奇 = astonish, surprise
The news amazed us greatly.这条消息使我们感到很惊奇。
拓展：（1）amazed人对……感到吃惊的；amazing（某物）……信人吃惊的。 They were all amazed at the amazing news. 听到这个令人吃惊的消息他们感到惊讶。 (2)amazement n.
to one’s amazement令人吃惊的是
To my amazement, they have gone to Xishuangbanna. 让我奇怪的是，他们去西双版纳了。
类似短语：to one’s happiness/excitement/sadness/puzzlement 使某人高兴的/兴奋的/伤心的/迷惑的是
and so on : etc 等等。用来表示列举，但又不一一列出。
He knows five foreign languages, English, French, Japanese and so on.他懂5种外语，如英语、法语、日语等等。
announce, explain, introduce, declare后面不接双宾语，若以人作宾语常置于to后。如： The president announced to the workers the sad news. The president announced the sad news to the workers. 总裁向工人宣布了那不幸的消息。
He introduced the new comer to everyone here. 他把新来的那个人介绍给这里的每个人。
report to sb.向某人汇报：report sth/sb.to sb.向某人汇报/告诉。 [应用]单句改错
①The teacher explained his students how to use the computer. ②No one declared us we could not smoke here. Key:①explain后加to ②declare后加to
another day/the other day/some day/one day
another day 可表示近期将来的某一天，意为―改天‖，也可表示过去将来某一动作或状态延续的―又一天‖。如:
She is coming another day instead of today. 她今天不来，改天来。 You may do it another day. 你可以改天做这件事。
He stayed there (for) another day/another two days after I lift. 我离开后他在那又待了一天/两天。
the other day 相当于a few days ago,意为―几天前、某天、那天、不久前‖，句中用一般过去时。如： I met her in the street the other day.几天前我在街上碰见过她。 I bought the watch the other day.这手表我是几天前买的。
some day指将来―总有一天、有朝一日、终将、（日后）某一天‖，谓语动词用一般将来时.如: Your wishes will come true some day.总有一天你的愿望会实现的。 Some day you’ll have to pay for what you have done. 总有一天你要为你的行为而付出代价的。
one day可以表示―（过去）某一天‖，谓语动词常用一般过去式；也可表示―（将来）某一天‖，这时可与some day互相代替，谓语常用一般将来时。如：
One day I went to see my first teacher ,but he happened to be out.有一天，我去看我的启蒙老师，可碰巧他出去了。
He will understand the teacher one day/some day.将来有一天，他会理解老师的。 anxious, eager
两个词均有―渴望，急于‖之意。anxious 着重指焦急、着急或担心；而eager着重指对成功的期望或进取的热情。两者都多用作表语，其主语通常是人，不能以无生命的事物作主语。对比：
He is eager to join the army.他渴望参军。
He is anxious to know whether he has been chosen. 他急于知道是否被选上了。 常用搭配：
①be anxious to do sth.渴望急切地做某事； be anxious for渴望（了解、得到）； be anxious about担心，对……感到不安 ②be eager to do sth.急切地想做某事； be eager for (about, after)渴望，渴求， be eager for your help渴望得到你的帮助； be eager about peace渴望和平 ①学生们都急切地想知道考试结果。
The students ________ ________ ________ ________ the results ofthe examination. ②那个小男孩渴望得到一台新录音机。
The little boy was ________ ________a new recorder. ③我很担心我儿子的健康。
I’m ________ ________my son’s health. ④他殷切希望女儿的成功。
He is __________ _________ his daughter’s success. Key:①are, anxious(eager),to ,know ②anxious(eager)，for ③anxious, about ④eager, for(about, after) apologize for doing sth.
apologize是不及物动词，意为―道歉‖，其表达式为―apologize to sb.for sth.‖。如： You must apologize to your sister for being so rude. 它的名词形式是apology, 复数形式是apologizes.
make one’s apologies to sb. for sth.= make an apology to sb. for sth.如： He make his apologies to me for coming late. appear
As a result, it appered to scientists on earth that the stars had moved.因此，地球上的科学家看来，恒星好像是移动了。
句型：It appears/seems(to sb.) +that—clause.看来/似乎是…… ①It appears to me that something is wrong.我看好像有点不大对头。 ②It appears that he will the prize.看来他会得笑。 appear;seem;look
appear, seem, look都有―看起来似……‖之意，但其暗含意思和用法又各有不同。 从意义上讲：
(1)appear强调外表给人的印象，有时含实质上并非如此的意思，如：
He appears to know more than he really does。他看起来好像懂得很多。（其实懂得没有那么多） (2)seem暗示有一定根据的判断，这种判断往往接近事实，如： His health seems to be better. 他的健康状况似乎有所好转。 (3)look着重由视觉得出的印象，如： He doesn’t look his age.
他看起来比实际年龄年轻（或老成）。 从用法上讲：
seem和appear后可加 (to + be)+表语(adj.或n.或prep.) +to v.
It + ~ +(that)从句如：
He seems/appears（to be）very sad today. =It seems that he is very sad today. It seems like years since I saw you last time.
He seems a kind doctor.（=It seems that he is a kind doctor.） He seems/appears to have caught a cold. =It seems/appears that he has caught a cold. look当―看起来似乎…和as if从句。如： He looks strong.
She looks like her mother.
It looks as if we are going to miss the train.…‖讲时，可接形容词、过去分词、名词、介词短语 area; district
（1）area表示―地区、区域‖，是普通用词，暗示一个较大的，可能是没有清楚界限的地区，不能用来指行政上的地理单位。如：
The old man lives in a mountain area.这位老人生活在山东。 This is a less developed area.这是个欠发达地区。
Most of the large land areas are connected.多数大块陆地是相连的。
（2）district表示―区、地区、区域‖，指为行政管理或选举之目的所分的区。在同一城市，各种性质不同的区域也叫district。如：
Where is the District of Columbia?哥伦比亚特区在什么地方？
The old man used to work in the jin-Cha-Ji Military District.那位老人曾经在晋察冀军区工作。 The northeast part of the city is the residential district.这城市的东北部是住宅区。 Arm
take…in one’s arms 该结构意为―拥抱‖。如：
He went into classroom, taking some books in his arms.
As a child….:As/When he was a child…，小的时候，该句型中的as为连词，意为―在……的时候‖，引导时间状语从句。当从句与主句主语一致，且从句谓语为be时，可将从句主语及be省略。
①Even as(he was)a student,Professor Smith showed great interest in maths.甚至上学的时候，史密斯教授对数学就很感兴趣。
②As(he was)a boy,he liked playing table tennis with the grown-ups.小时候，他就喜欢和大人们打乒乓球。
as a result 作为结果，结果（发生某情况），可置于句首，也可置于句末 She got up very early. As a result, she was able to catch the early bus. 她起得很早，因此她赶上了早班车。
He has won the game. He is in high spirits as a result. 他赢了比赛，所以他精神高昂。
He runs every day .As a result , he has lost weight .他每天跑步，结果他减肥了。 as a result of 作为……的结果，as a result of……的结果是 As a result of exercise , he has built up his health.
The flight was delayed as a result of typhoon.该次班机因台风而延误 result in = lead to 导致，造成……结果，如： Hard work results in success.努力终归成功。 (= Success results from hard work.成功来自努力) Hard work results in success. 勤奋才会成功。 result from 由……产生的结果，如：
Success results from hard work. 成功来自勤奋。
His illness resulted from overwork. 他的病起因于操劳过渡。 as…as
as many as 和……一样多/多达；as much as 和……一样多/多达（注意：many指可数的量，much 指不可数词的量）；as high as 和……一样高/高达；as thick as 和……一样厚/厚达；as long as 一样长/长达;as deep as 一样深/深达；as early as 一样早/早在……时候，如：
We have as many books as they.我们的书和他们的一样多。/The great fire burned down as many as twenty buildings.大火烧毁的大楼多达20座。
[应用]汉译英
①新桥与旧桥一样长。/这种鱼可长到长达15英尺。 ②这座山和远处的另一座一样高。/这座山高达4000米。 Key:
①The new bridge is as long as the old one./The kind of fish can grow as long as 15 feet.
②This mountain is as high as another one in the distance./This mountain is as high as 4,000 metres.
as…as possible:as…as one can尽可能地……. ①I’ll come back as soon as possible.我尽可能地……
②Get up as early as possible tomorrow morning. 明天早晨尽量早起。 as...as...用法小结
（1）...as+形容词（副词）原级+as...;not as/so+形容词（副词）原级+as... Their factory is as large as ours.他们的工厂和我们的一样大。 I study as hard as you.我和你一样用功学习。
He doesn’t get up as/ so early as his parents.他不像他父母那样早起床。 （2）……倍数 + as + 形容词（副词）原级+as...
Line AB is 3 times as long as Line CD.=Line AB is twice longer than/3 times the length of Line CD.线段AB是线段CD长的3倍。
（3）as + 形容词 + a/an + 单数可数名词 + as; as + 形容词+复数名词 + as She is as good many records as possible.我们需要尽量多的唱片。
There is as much sugar in it as eight pieces of sugar.其中的含糖量相当于八块方糖。 I have’t got as much money as I thought.我没有原来想象的那么多钱。 （5）as much/ many as多达……，……那么多
On Sports Day, during the relay race, you will use most of all, perhaps as much as 650 calories an hour.在运动会上，进行接力赛跑时，你消耗的能量最多，可能每小时多达650卡。
As many as 700 different languages are spoken in Africa.非洲有多达700种不同的语言。 He didn’t catch as many as he’d hoped.他没有捉住预想的那么多。 （6）as...as possible; as... as one can
The teacher should write the words on the blackboard as carefully as he can. =The teacher should write the words on the blackboard as carefully as possible.老师在黑板上应尽可能仔细地把字写好。
Please be as friendly as possible to your friends.=Please be as friendly as you can.请对你的朋友尽可能友好。
（7）as...as + 年代数字/名词
As early as 1950 I knew him.早在1950 年我就认识他了。 He walked as far as the post office.他步行到邮局。 （8）as/so far as I know
As/ So for as I know, he will be away from home for 3 months.就我所知，他将要离家3个月。 （9）as soon as—……就……
Please let us know as soon as you arrive in Bejing.一到北京，请通知我们一声。 （10）as well as 和；也；还有
He gave me money as well as advice.他除了给我忠告外，还给我钱。 He studies French as well as English.他不但学习英语，而且学习法语。 （11）as/so long as 只要；如果
You may use that dictionary as long as you take care of it.只要你好好保存，你可以用那本词典。 as a matter of fact=in fact事实上、实际上……
It seems easy,but as a matter of fact,it’ll take us a long time to work it out. 这道题貌似简单，实际上要解出的话很费时间。 区别下列用法
1)as(so)far as 和……一样远，远至（原级比较或表示距离）；就……来讲 2)as(so)long as 和……一样长（原级比较）；只要（引导条件 状语从句）
3）as well as和……一样好；既……也……（连接并列成分） 4）as good as和……一样好；事实上（作状语） [应用]完成句子
①他们实际上已经答应帮助我们了。
They have ________ _______ ______ promised to help us. ②油漆后的这辆自行车和新的一样。
Painted, this bike is _______ _____ ______ a new one. ③小李英语说得和汉语一样好。
Xiao Li speaks English ______ ______ _____ she speaks Chinese.
④他和他的父母对我都很好。
He _______ ______ ______his parents is kind to me. ⑤晚饭后我们一直到走山脚下。
After supper we walked _______ ______ ______the foot of the hill.
⑥就我所知，他将离开两个月。
______ ______ ______I know, he’ll be away for two months. ⑦只要努力，你一定会成功。
________ _________ ________you work hard, you’ll succeed in time.
⑧这座新建的桥据说和旧的一样长。
This newly – built bridge is said to be _________ ________ _________the old one.
Key:①②as good as;③④as well as ⑤as far as ⑥As, far,as ⑦As/so,long,as ⑧as,long,as
as if可用as though替换，在此引导表语从句，另外它们也可引导状语从句，从句既可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气。如：
①It looks as if /though it’s going to rain.（陈述语气） ②You look as if you’d seen a ghost.（虚拟语气） as is the case with = as with ……就和……的情况一样 As is the case with his mother, he is fond of music. 跟母亲一样，他喜欢音乐。
As with human, animals also love their babies. 同人一样，动物也爱它们的幼仔。 as good as
as good as 作为固定词组意为―几乎一样‖，―实际上等于‖，作为同级比较结构，意为―和……一样好‖。如：
①He is as good at English as me. ②My bike is as good as yours. …as it is
该固定词组表达意思是―就以（现在）这个样子，‖―根据现在的情况‖。如：He decided to buy the house as it is.
as long as/so long as只要 (1)引导条件状语从句
You may borrow the book as / so long as you keep it clean. 只要你不把书弄脏，你就可以借。 You will succeed so long as you work hard. 只要你努力就会成功。
As long as you study hard, you’ll make great progress. 只要你努力学习，你就会取得很大进步。 (2)和……一样长
This rope is as long as that one.这条绳子和那条一样长。 This bridge isn’t so/as long as that one.这座桥和那座不一样长。 (3)长达……（表时间）
The old couple have been living in the small town as long as 50 years. 这对老夫妇已在这个小城镇里住了长达50年。 as well/ as well as
as well 表示―也‖，是副词短语，用作状语，通常放在句末，也可放在主语之后，相当于too,但一般无标点符号与句子隔开.as well as 通常看作一个复合并列连词,连接两个成分相同的词、短语或句子，表示―既……又……，不但……而且……‖当它连接两个主语时，谓语动词的人称和数要与第一个主语保持一致。如：
The children learn to read, write and they play games as well.孩子们学习读书写字，他们也做游戏。 With television,we can see a picture as well as hear sound. 利用电视,我们既能听到声音,又能看到图像. Tom,as well as his parents,likes pop music. 汤姆以及他的父母都喜欢流行音乐。 as;which引导定语从句异同
as, which 都能引导限制性或非限制性的定语从句。 (1)在引导限制性定语从句时；
①which从句修饰的先行词是名词（词组），which可与that换用，作宾语时可省去。如： Then grow some tomatoes in one box which has plant food in the soil and some in another box which doesn’t.
But the studios(which)he started are still busy today,producing more and more interesting films.
②as从句的先行词是the same/such或被the same/such修饰；as可作主、宾、表语，一律不可省略。如：
Many of the sports were the same as they are now.（as作表语） He uses the same map as I (use).他和我用的是同一份地图。（as作宾语）
Such as beautiful park as is being built was designed by two young engineers.正在建造的如此漂亮的公园是由两个年轻的工程师设计的。（as作主语）
The printed newspaper was not such as the chief editor had expected. 印好的报纸并非如主编原来所期望的那样。（as作宾语）
(2)在引导非限制性定语从句时，as,which都可作主、宾、表语，都不可省去。 ①which从句补充说明先行词的用途、性质、状态、特征等。如：
At present,the biggest nature park for milu deer in China is in the Nanhaizi Milu Park,which is about 20 kilometres south of Beijing.(位置)
China Daily has plenty of advertisements, which help to cut the costs of making the newspaper.(用途)
One of Charile Chaplin’s most famous films was―The Gold Rush‖,which was made in 1925.(时间) Now, however,the maters of this great lake,which is also the World’s deepest(over 1,740 metres),have been dirtied by waste from a chemical factory.(特征)
②which从句还可表示说话人的看法，也可对主句作意义上的补充；which=and it/ this/ that/ they;which代表的是先行词、主句或主句的一部分；which从句只能放在先行词或主句后。如：
He said she could speak 4 foreign languages, which(=and it)is not true.他说她会四门外语，这是不可能的。（说话人看法，which代表宾语从句部分）
比较：He said she could speak 4 foreign languages, which(=and that)surprised every one of us.他说她会四门外语，这使我们每个人都很惊讶。（补充主句，which 代表主句）
Leaves are turning yellow, which means autumn is coming. 树叶正在变黄，这意味着秋天就要来了。
③as也可代表先行词、主句或主句一部分。但as有―正如‖的意义，其从句可放在主句前或后，如： The Nanjing Changjiang River Bridge,as we all know, was compl-
eted in 1969.我们都知道南京长江大桥，它建成于一九六九年。（as代表先行词）
To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.(如)你们许多人（所做的那样）对事实视而不见是愚蠢的。（as代表主语部分）
As we know, the earth is round. 我们知道，地球是圆的。 ask for 要求，请求
ask sb.for sth.向（某人）请求 （要求）……
She asked for some advice on how to learn English well. at表示速度、价格、利率
at a high/low price以高价/;低价；at 40 miles an hour 以每小时40英里的速度；at a high/low speed以高速/慢速；at an ordinary speed 以普通速度；at full/top speed以全速/高速；at a speed of 以……速度。
[应用]完成句子
①公司决定以较低的价格将这批电视卖掉。
The company decided to sell the TV sets _ __ _ __ __ _ 。 ②火车正以每小时 150英里的速度前进。
The train was running ______ _____ ______ _______150 miles an hour . Key:①at, a, low, price②at,a, speed,of ―at+名词‖表示―在进行，从事‖
at work 在工作；at table在吃饭；at play 在做游戏；at sea 出海；at university/college在上学;at night school在上夜校；at dinner/table在吃饭；at peace处于和平状态；at war在交战，在打仗
①别人在工作，不要吵闹。
Don’t make any noise while others are ______ ________. ②孩子们在游戏，而他们的父母正在吃饭。
The children were ______ ________ while their parents were_______ _______. Key:①at, work ②at,play,at,dinner at last, in the end, finally 三者均有―最后、终于‖的含义。
finally常用于动词之前，表示人们长期以来期待的某事最后实现了，也可指一系列事物或论点的顺序。例如：
Ａfter putting it off three times,we finally managed to have a holiday in Greece.经过三次延期之后,我们终于在希腊度了一次假。
Ｔhey talked about it for hours.Finally,they decided not to go.他们谈论了几个小时，最后决定不去。 at last 有时可与finally互换，但往往用于一番拖延或曲折之后，语气更强烈。例如： When at last they found him, he was almost dead.当人们最终找到他时，他已经奄奄一息了。 James has passed his exams at last.詹姆斯终于通过了考试。
in the end指经过许多变化、困难的捉摸不定的情况之后，某事才发生。例如：
We made five different plans for our holiday, but in the end we had a summer camp again.我们制订了五种不同的度假方案，但最后我们还是选定了再来一次夏令营活动。
at (the) least 至少；最少。反义词组为at (the)most至多；最多。
—Mr Smith looks older than his real age.In fact,he is at (the)most 40 years old. 史密斯先生很显老，实际上他最多40岁。
—Oh, really?I thought he was 50 years old at (the)least.噢，真的吗？我以为他至少50岁了。 at the beginning of 在……初（开头），可指时间与空间。如： at the beginning of term 在学期开始 at the beginning of the book 在那本书的开头
at the beginning 单独用时间at first，也可说in the beginning. 比较：at the end of 在……末（尽头） at the end 在末尾处 in the end 最终，同at last in the middle of 在……中期 from beginning to end 从头至尾 at the doctor’s
该结构为介词+名词所有格，意为―在诊所‖。所有格-’s后一般接名词，如her mother’s bike ,但有时这个名词可省略，主要表现在以下两个方面：
①指一个企业，机构，教堂，学校，医院，家庭，理发店，店铺时。如： She is at the hairdresser’s.
②为了避免重复，省略-’s后的名词。如：
I have read some of Shaw’s plays,but none of Shakespeare’s.
at the last moment在最后关头
at the moment 此刻；正在那时 for a moment片刻；一会儿for the moment 目前，暂时in a moment立刻，马上
at the top of在……的顶部，上方 at the top of a mountain在山顶 She is (at)the top of her class in French. at the top of one’s voice高声地，尖声地 at war
该介宾词组意思是―处于战争或交战状态‖。在句中常作表语。如： The U.S.A.and Iraq are at war again. at, with, through表原因
三个介词都可表示原因，at表示听到或看到的原因；with表示人体外部的原因；through 强调自身的原因。如：be sad at the news听了这个消息而悲伤；be frightened at the sight看了那个情景而害怕；jump up with joy高兴地跳了起来；turn red with anger气得脸红；shake with cold/fear冻得/害怕得发抖；with pleasure高兴地；with pride 骄傲地；with satisfaction满意地；make the mistake through his carelessness由于粗心而出错；be put into prison through no fault of his own 没有任何罪过被关进监狱。
[应用]汉译英
①听到这个消息，全国人民处于悲哀之中。 ②孩子们高兴地跳了起来。 ③由于大意他犯了这个错误。
Key:①At the news, the whole country was in deep sorrow. ②The children jumped up with joy.
③He made the mistake through his carelessness. at work; out of work; after work
这三个以work为中心词的介词短语，在意思和用法上均不相同。 (1)at work表示―在工作、在上班‖，作表语或状语。例如： They are both at work today.今天他们俩都在上班。
His father had an accident at work last week.上周的父亲在工作时出了事故。
(2)out of work表示―失业‖，是介词短语，相当于lost one’s job或be unemployed。例如： If you don’t work hard, you’ll be out of work.如果你不好好工作就会失业。 You’ll be out of work if you keep coming late.如果你老是迟到，你会失业的。 (3)after work表示―下班后‖，作时间状语。例如：
What do you usually do after work?下班后你经常干什么？ I visited Mr Liu after work yesterday.昨天下班后我看望过刘先生。 attempt
(1)n.尝试；企图。
①He made an attempt to learn to ski.他尝试着学滑雪。
②He failed in attempt at climbing up the mountain.他企图爬上这座山，却失败了。 (2)vt.尝试；企图。
①She attempted to learn Japanese.她试图学习日语。 ②The prisoner attempted an escape.那犯人企图逃走。 12.keep out of = keep sth.(sb.)out of不使入内；不牵涉进去。 ①Warm clothing will keep the cold out.保暖的衣服可御寒。 ②Keep out of their quarrels.不要参与他们争吵。 attention 短语
pay attention to sth. 注意某事 draw one’s attention(to sth.) 引起某人的注意 be worth one’s attention 值得某人注意 bring one’s attention to sth. 叫某人注意某事 average短语归纳
average 可用作名词，表示―平均数，一般水平‖，也可作形容词，表示―平均的‖。如： the average of the pay 平均工资；above/below the average 平均以上/以下； the average age of the girls姑娘的平均年龄； the average temperature平均气温； on(an,the)average平均起来 [应用]完成句子
①这个厂的工人平均每月收入700元。
_________ _________，one worker in this factory gets 700 yuan every month.
②他的功课一般以上。
He is_________ _________ in his lessons. Key: ①On, average ②above, average awake,wake
①awake用作及物或不及物动词，表示―叫醒，唤醒；醒来‖；而wake表示相同意义时，必须与up连用，对比：
The noise awoke me./The noise woke me up. 嗓音把我闹醒。
She usually awakes at six in the morning./She usually wakes up at six in the morning.她通常早上6点醒。
注意：awake 不与up连用；wake up 的宾语是人称代词时必须置于两个词之间。误：wake up him正：wake him up
②awake 还可用作形容词，只用作表语或后置定语，不能用作前置定语。其反义词是 asleep.如： Is he awake or asleep?他睡着了还是醒着？
Anyone awake heard the sound.任何醒着的人都听到了那个声音。 注意：wide/fully awake 完全醒着；sound/fast/deeply asleep熟睡 [应用]完成句子
①他醒来时，他母亲在他的旁边。
When he_______,his mother was beside him. ②我彻夜未眠，一直在考虑这个问题。
I have lain_______all night thinking of the problem. ③他突然醒了，好象有人叫他的名字。
He ________ ________suddenly,as if someone had called his name. ④她睡着的时候谁也叫不醒他。
No one can_______ _______ ________when she is asleep. Key:①awoke ②awake ③woke up ④wake,her,up battle, war, fight, struggle
war指战争的总体；battle指war中的战斗或战役；fight指具体的人与人之间或动物之间的争斗；struggle指长时间、激烈的争斗，多指肉体、精神上的战斗。对比：
We have had two world wars in this century.本世纪已有两次世界大战。 They were wounded in the battle.他们在战斗中受了伤。
We have started a fight against pollution. 我们已开始了一场消除污染的斗争。 His life was a hard struggle with sickness.他一生跟疾病作了艰苦的斗争。 [应用]英译汉
①in time of war ②be at war ③declare war on… ④fight a battle
⑤give/offer battle ⑥have a hand-to-hand fight Key:①战时 ②交战，在打仗 ③对……宣战 ④打一仗 挑战 ⑤肉搏战
伴随状语可用现在分词也可用过去分词
He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. 本句有三个并列谓语，looking 部分为伴随状语。
例题 1）He held up his finger ,_______ a face and nodded his head. A．making B. made
答案：B.此题有and ，需连接并列结构，所填词的形式应与前后保持一致。 2) He sat there in silence, _______sad and doing nothing. A. looking B. looked
答案：A.此题and 之后ing形式，其前面也应该用ing形式，而不能与前面的sat并列。 3)He sat there in silence ,______ nothing.
A.doing B.did
答案：A.此题才是在逗号之后，需要伴随状误。 4)He set out early, ________ there on time . A.arriving B. and arrived
答案：B.此题两种选项从形式看都有可能，但根据意思看，―到达‖并不伴随―出发‖的动作，而是明显地有先有后。
5)He made a smile, _____ with the result. A. satisfying B. satisfied
答案：B.伴随状语可用现在分词也可用过去分词，此处表示―感到满意‖的一种状态，而satisfying表示令人满意的，此时的satisfied是过去分词，而不是过去式。
be about to do sth. 正要、即将做某事。是将来时的一种表达方式，表示最近的将来。 ①I was about to go to bed when he called.我正要去睡觉，这时他打来了电话。 ②When I saw Tom, he was about to get on the bus.我看到汤姆，他正要上汽车。 注意：be about to 通常不用于带有具体时间状语的句子，但可用be going to 表示。 ①Hurry up! They are about to start.快点！他们就要走了。
②Hurry up! They are going to start at 10 o’clock.快点！10点钟他们就要走了。
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