关联理论(Relevane Theory)最早是由Dan Sperber和Deirdre Wilson在《关联性:交际与认知》一书中提出来的,他们的学生Ernst—August Gutt根据关联理论对翻译进行了研究,并在五年后出版了《翻译与关联:认知与语境》(Translation and Relevace: Cognition and Context)。格特在此书中率先将关联理论应用于翻译研究中,并指出翻译是一种言语交际行为,是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程.它不仅涉及语码,更重要的是根据动态的语境进行动态的推理,而推理所依据的就是关联性。作为交际的翻译,在对源语理解和翻译的过程中,人们对语码的选择所依赖的也是关联性。该书集中体现了格特的理论,他在关联理论的基础框架内探讨了翻译研究中颇具争议又引人注目的重要问题,既为翻译理论研究者深入清晰地阐述了观点,又为实践者提供了明确的指导.
该书一共有七章,在第一章开头的部分,格特首先引用Steiner,Levy,Kelly,Wilss等人的观点,指出当今翻译研究的现状是“mass of uncoordinated statements\",接着并给出了几点可能的原因;之后又对Hofmann,Wilss,Schulte等人提出的“multidisciplinary scientific methodology research”这一新方案进行了批判,并进一步给出了当今翻译研究现状混乱不堪的三个根本原因:1. The risk of (multidisciplinary) disintegration. There is a question whether a comprehensive account of translation in the form of a coherent and homogeneous theory can ever be achieved. 2. The problem of determining the domain of the theory。 Krings (1986) comments that the notion of translation is used to refer to a variety of rather different phenomena。 There have been three major lines of approach to this issue: shared intuitions; definition; culture—oriented -—但是这三种方法均存在明显的缺陷。紧接着,格特又批判了Toury 的观点:“the overall CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION underlying the corpus”。因为这一观点的结果是:the culture-specific approach does not really resolve the problem of defining the theoretical domain: either it leads to the abolition of the intercultural study of translation or it does in fact rely on non—culture-specific criteria for determining its domain.3. The problem of evalution and decision—making。 此处,格特还批判了Steiner,Newmark等人的观点,同时还挑战了Nida 的对等理论。另外,作者提出
了两个问题:1) the problem of over-specification. 以Wilss的理论为批判对象;2)Is ‘equivalence'an evaluate cocept? 主要针对House 的理论进行批判。之后,作者又对科学翻译思想进行论述,分别从结果论和过程论进行说明,并指出了它们的不足.最后,格特提出了:changes in scientific method。 这里主要包括两个主要转变:1。 A shift in the domain of the theory: 翻译是一种与大脑机智密切联系的推理过程。2. A shift from description to explanation:关联理论采用的不是描述分类法.之后并引出了他自己的观点:Translantion as communication? 翻译是一种言语交际行为。
在第二章中,格特首先介绍了关于关联理论的一些基本概念,如“交际的推理本质”(The inferential nature of translation),交际者的“信息意图”(informative intention),交际中的明示程度,通过推理提供“交际线索”(Communicative clues)的“语义表达”(Semantic representations),从而指出交际是一种明示推理的过程.紧接着他又详细地介绍关联理论中最重要的“最佳关联”(Optimal relevance)和 “关联原则”(Principle of relevance),最佳关联的目的就是使交际中的听话者花费最小的信息处理达到足够的或最大的语境效果:“The central claim of relevance theory is that human communication crucially creats an expectation of optiaml relevance, that is an expectation on the part of the hearer that his attempt at interpretation will yield adequate contextual effects at minimal processing cost.”之后格特又提出关联理论中的交际分为两种不同模式:描述性运用(descriptive use)和解释性运用(interpretive use),并重点介绍了“意义相似”(Interpretive resemblance)概念,并主要从以下三个方面进行阐释:1。 Interpretive resemblance between propositional forms: “Since all propositional forms have logic properties, two propositional forms may have some logic properties in common。 Accordingly, we can say that mental representations whose propositional forms share logic properties resemble each otherin virtue of these shared logic properties. Such resemblance between propositional forms is called interpretive resemblance. 2。 Interpretive resemblance between thoughts and utterances: “Every utterance comes with a guarantees of faithfulness”- that is, in each case “the speaker guarantees that her utterance is a faithful enough interpretation of the thought she
wants to communicate”。 3。 Interpretive resemblance between utterances:格特在此处主要通过例子说明原文的话语与译文的话语之间的相似。最后,他指出“The main purpose of utterances is to convey the set of assumptions which the communicator intends to convey。\"
在第三章中,格特主要就翻译中出现的一种现象——译文与原文是否完全吻合对交际过程并不会产生很大的影响进行了一系列探讨,并在该部分中首先提出了有关“隐性翻译”(Covert translation)的新论点.他认为只有在隐性翻译中才有可能达到功能对等,这也是他对翻译的根本界定,Covert translations “have direct language addressees, for whom this translated text is as immediatedly and ‘originally’ relevant as source text is for the source language addressees.”他还通过举例说明了功能对等在隐性翻译中的重要性.接着格特又通过广告翻译的案例论述了翻译文本中的功能变化问题,指出文本的功能是变化的,进而推导出原文不是翻译的唯一标准。最后,格特首先讨论了译文本身在译入语中发挥多大的作用更重要,我们不能以与原文内容的近似性为评价译文好坏的标准,总结出“there is no necessary relationship between the source language and the target-language texts。”然后他又仔细区分了描述性运用和解释性运用的不同,并且解释了为什么有些翻译看起来不想翻译等问题.
在第四章中,格特主要对译文必须要保留原文语义的观点进行了建设性探讨。他首先介绍了比较传统的翻译目标是要达到意义上的对等,并介绍了奈达和泰伯提出的“动态对等”(Dynamic equivalence)理论:强调译文读者对译文的反应要跟原文读者对原文的反应达到对等,因此强调译文要表达出原文的“meaning”而不是注重“form\";然后他又介绍了Beekman和Callow提出的“地道翻译方法”(Idiomatic translation approach),以及Larson对该方法的进一步发展,之后并用France的观点来反驳上述观点;接着,他在探讨有关次级交流环境问题的过程中,又批判了“动态对等\"理论和“地道翻译方法\";最后,他便提出了自己的观点:Translating the same “message” by interpretive use?并讨论这个观点存在的一些问题,以及关联理论是否能解决这个问题。
在第五章中,格特一开始就提出“Translation as interlingual interpretive use”的观点,即“A translation would be a receptor language text that interpretively
resembled the original。”并用例子做了进一步的说明。其次,他又通过几个例子来阐述有关“Faithfulness in interlingual interpretive use”,主要对Levy提出的“semantic functions”、“functional hierarchy\"等观点进行了批判;然后,格特主要探讨了“The origin of translation”,他通过一些例子分别批判了Vernay、Beekman、Callow、Newmark、Savory等人的观点,来论证自己的观点,最后总结出:“only notions believed to be part of general human psychology – the principle of relevance and the ability to engage in interpretive use.”
在第六章中,格特主要探讨了将翻译的范围缩小到只包含原文文体风格的可能性,一开始他就提出:Style—the importance of the way thoughts are expressed。他认为“,styleis, in some sense, the way writer or speaker express himself – resulting, for example, from the words he chooses or the way he constructs his sentences。”,并且运用了Savory的例子进行了解释,又批判了Chukovskii’s “Imprecise precision”。接着,他又提出了三个重要的概念:1。 Direct quatation。格特首先区分了“indirect speech quotations”和“direct speech quotations”两个概念,然后并指出:“the notion of direct speech quotation can be derived from the nature of stimuli and used in communication; in relevance theory such stimuli are defined as a phenomenon designed to achieve cognitive effects。\" 2. Communicative clues: clues that guide the audience to the interpretation intended by the communicator, we shall refer to such clues as communicative clues. 3。 Direct translation。 The notion of “clue giving” would allow us to define translation along lines parallel to direct quotation: as direct quotation calls for the preservation of all linguistic properties, so this kind of translation calls for the preservation of all communicative clues. 在此基础上,格特又区分了“direct translation” 和“in direct translation\"这两个概念。之后,他就主要探讨了以下两个问题:1. What kind of phenomena could be covered by the notion of ‘communicative clue’。 2。 What light it can thrown on the preservation of style in direct translation. 格特从各个方面分析了“communicative clues”的产生,比如,交际线索产生于语义表征、句法特点、音位特点、相关的语义制约、客套用语等等,还讨论了交际线索分别与拟声词、词语的文体学价值等的关系.最后,他总结出:直接翻译在很大程度上能够保留原文的文体。
在第七章中,格特表明,无论广泛的还是狭义的翻译概念都是关联理论体系里自然衍生的产物,并研究了利用翻译进行成功交际的必要条件。首先,他提出了在前面几章中还没有完全解决的四个问题,然后分别就这四个问题进行了答疑。他主要分了以下四个小部分进行讨论:1。 Direct translation – a special case of interpretive use. The notion of direct translation is dependent on interpretive use: it relies, in effect, on a relationship of complete interpretive resemblance between the original and its translation。 另外,他还指出:direct translation is the interlingual ‘simulation’ of a direct quotation,以及交际线索的功用是:help the translator to identify and talk about features in the source and target language utterances that affect their interpretations.同时,他也给出了为什么用“两分法”而不是“多分法”的理由.2. On the use of original context. 在这个部分中,格特对读者提出了要求,读者应该了解一些有关原语文化认知背景,这在交际中也是可行的。而对于译者来说,将原文中的隐性信息显性化既没有必要也不需要。此外,他还指出交际线索本身就具有引导读者正确理解的特点。3. Partial resemblance in linguistic properties as translation? 格特在这个部分中给出了两个答案:“word order”和“phonological features”,并且他还概括出:the interlingual exploitation of resemblance in inguistic properties is provided for in the relevance—theoretic famework。 4。 Translation, relevance and successful communication。 这个部分主要探讨了翻译、关联与成功交际间的关系问题.首先,他提出了“risks of failure in translation”,他指出了造成翻译误解的一些原因,并介绍了其他翻译理论家的一些观点,例如Barnwell例举了造成翻译失败的六个因素,因而他概括出两个主要原因:一是读者对翻译期望的错位,二是读者自然产生的误读,之后他又用例子进行了进一步说明.然后他就给出了解决问题的办法:“Making intensions and expectations meet”,他指出:the translator’s reponsibility begins with the formation of his informative intention. The translator is confronted not only with the question of how he should communicate, but what he can reasonably expect to convey by means of his translation。 之后他也给译者提出了一些建议.在本章最后的总结部分,格特一共总结了六点,为他整个论述画上了一个圆满的句号。
总而言之,关联理论不仅是对Grice的合作原则的修正和发展,而且从认知
的角度对明示推理交际作了比较系统的阐述,认为语言交际是一种明示推理交际,交际的过程是一个推理过程,而推理又是以关联原则和最佳关联假设为基础,因此,人们应当从能力而不是行为的角度看待交际。关联理论从综观的角度研究交际,丰富和发展了以往语用学的各种解释交际的理论,同时也为实践者提供了明确的指导。
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