摘要:本文根据目前学生阅读训练中对于推理判断题所遇到的问题,结合笔者对于这一题型的探索和研究,对这类题目的题型进行了简略的分析并且对解题的技巧、思路等进行了归纳和总结。
关键词:推理判断题 题型分析 解题技巧
在一般情况下,阅读训练中学生总会遇到一些比较含蓄的文章及题型,这就需要学生根据文章所阐述的事实细节和上下文的暗示、细节及线索进行综合分析,然后进行推断,最后得出合理的结论。这就要求学生不仅要掌握文章的表面意义,还要了解其深层含义,最后根据文章细节进行综合分析。这类题目难度大,涉及面广,学生容易失分。本文主要简略地谈谈如何分析和解答此类问题。
一、命题方式
一般来说,这类题型题干中常含有imply(暗示),intend(意指),suggest(暗示),infer(推断),conclude(推断,断定)等动词和其它一些表示推断的词语。常见的提问方式有:
1. We can infer from the passage that . 2. The story/passage suggests/implies that . 3. The writer of this passage intends to .
4. The writer’s purpose of writing the passage is to . 5. The passage is probably taken from a . 6. The writer of the passage considers it .
7. Which of the following best describes the character of . 8. The writer suggests/implies that .
9. We can see/infer/conclude from the passage that . 10. The underlined sentence in the third paragraph implies that .
二、选项特点
推理判断是从细节、事实到结论的过程,正确的选项一定是根据文章和材料给出的信息进行合理分析,从而得出符合逻辑的推理。错误的选项会有以下特点:
1. 与学生自己的固定思维及经验、经历有关,但文章和材料中没有提及。
2. 只是文章信息的综合, 而不是用文章和材料中的细节和事实推断出的结论。
3. 学生不理解有误,得出了与文章和材料不符或相悖的结论。 4. 推断出的结论有片面性或过犹不及。 三、解题原则、思路及技巧 1.解题原则
在做这种题型的阅读时,学生应该先找准文章中提供的相应信息,特别是关键词语,借助上下文的逻辑关系来判断,做到“有理有据”。因此,要注意以下几点:
(1)要理解文章大意,从中得到有用的细节和线索,这是做出推断的根本。 (2)对得到的细节和线索进行分析、综合、判断,做出符合逻辑的推理。 (3)要立足原文中的细节和线索,以此为根据。不能主观臆断,凭空捏造或凭经验做答,更不能用自己的想法代替作者的观点或根据细节和线索而得出的结论。
(4)了解文章结构,把握上下文的逻辑关系,从而依据上下文得出合理的推断。
2.解题思路及技巧
推理判断题一般分为写作意图推测题,态度、观点判断题,文章体裁或出处推测题,预测推断题,深层推理题等。下面就如何解答此类问题分类进行探索:
(1)总的解题思路及技巧
在做题时,首先要通过略读,结合选项在文中找到相关的细节和线索;然后理解细节和线索的字面意思,理解原文;随后依据细节和线索、语境和常识进行推理,得出与原文相符的结论;最后根据选项的特点,用排除法得出最终的正确选项。
(2)写作意图推测题的解题技巧
此类题型要求学生根据文章的表述,推测作者的写作意图及使用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不会直接在文章中表述自己的意图,而是要学生通过对文章的理解,根据文章提供的细节和线索,客观地使读者信服其观点。这种题型通常是考查学生的理解能力和归纳总结的能力。
[例1] These are times when nothing is important but the bottom line, when you can do things any old way as long as it “pays”, when, in short, people look on work as
a path to ever-increasing consumption rather than a way to realize their own abilities. In such a period it is a rare comfort to find a cobber who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done.(06年广东卷) Q: This story wants to tell us that ?
A. craftsmen make a lot of money B. whatever you do, do it well C. craftsmen need self-respect D. people are born equal [答案] B
[解析] 本文作者讲述了自己找鞋匠修鞋的经历,并且在最后一段作者就此事进行了议论,而这些议论的语言中正表达了作者的写作意图:在这样一个物欲横流的社会里,一个鞋匠能从自己的劳动中得到快乐,这是值得大家学习的。纵观全文,其写作意图是号召大家向鞋匠学习,从做好自己的本职工作中得到快乐和自豪。
(3)态度、观点判断题的解题技巧
所谓态度、观点判断题,就是指出作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对,还是有其它态度,对文章的表述或描写的人、物或事件等是赞扬、同情、冷漠,还是厌恶。作者的这种态度或感情色彩通常的包含在文章的细节中,或是在于修饰的词语中。因此,在推理过程中,应该特别注意文中作者的措词。
[例2] Why isn’t you newspaper reporting any good news? All I read about is murder, bribery(行贿)and death. Frankly, I’m sick of the bad news.
Q: This author’s attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to . A. complain B. apologize C. amuse D. inform [答案] A
[解析] 作者既给读者指出了这份报纸上只报道不好的新闻,又在文章中表达了自己的抱怨(已经厌恶了不好的新闻),故选A。
(4)逻辑结论推断题的解题技巧
这类题型是指严格根据文中所述事实、细节等论据进行推理,从而得出合理的结论,而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点等去理解文章的内容。解答此类题型的前提是通过阅读获得文章的主旨大意或列举的事实,然后按题目要求进行推理。
[例3] Several different bison species have lived on the North American continent since the Ice Age; today only two exist. The wood bison is the larger of the two, and is now found mostly in western Canada. Better known in the United States is the
Plains bison, or buffalo. At one time, herds of these animals could be sighted almost everywhere from the Appalacihian Mountains in the East to the Rocky Mountains in the West.
Q: The author implies that several types of bison . A. live outside the United States and Canada B. are well adapted to swampy terrain C. existed before the Ice Age D. have been killed or have died out [答案] D
[解析]文章谈到原来在北美大陆有多种野牛活动,现在仅存两种,作者所要表达的意思是一些野牛被杀绝或灭绝,故D为正确答案。 (5) 文章体裁或出处推测题的解题技巧
此类题目主要针对那些文体或内容较为复杂的文章。在推理判断进,应该注意文章的整体特点或主体内容,不要被其复杂的结构或内容所迷惑。
[例4]… To get a watch in such a perfect design… to know a piece of
watching-making history and to wear such a watch will show your personal taste and social position.
You can get the watch either in person or by mail at an affordable price. You will also receive good service from the watch seller. If you are not satisfied with the watch after you get it, you may simply return it within 30 days. Don’t miss the chance to realize your dream. (06辽宁卷)
Q: The passage is probably taken from a .
A. report B. magazine C. text book D. science book [答案] B
[解析] 文章向读者表现了拥有手表之后的种种好处,但通过文章最后一段我们得知本文是一则广告,而广告一般出现在杂志或报纸上,故选B。
(6)预测推断题的解题技巧
此类题目一般是要求学生根据文章的语境对事情可能的结局或发展或涉及的内容等进行预测、推理。做这类题目时应把握作者的写作思路,这一点对于做出推断至为重要。
[例5] With the past in mind, preparations for the 2006 seasons included sweeping(大范围的)changes on both the technical and personal(人事的)sides. The management at Toyota Motorsport GmbH was restructured, with John Howett moving from Toyota Motor Marketing Europe to become President, thus enabling the company founder, Ove Andersson, more time to concentrate on the operation of the race team at the track. Anderson’s value as an inspirational leader was one of the team’s biggest assets(财富)in 2005.
Q: What will the next paragraph talk about if the passage goes on? A. Preparations for the 2006 season. B. The value of Ove Andersson.
C. How to improve the European market. D. Changes on technical side. [答案] D
[解析]本段第一句介绍球队备战2006赛季经历了技术和人事安排上的变化,然后表述了人事的变化,因此下文应该是介绍技术方面的变化,故只有D答案正确。
(7)深层推理题的解题技巧
这类题目通常都是要求学生根据文章内容推断出其中一些语句暗含的意义。所以,做这类题目时不能只看要推断的语句,更多的是要注意它与整篇及上下文的关联。
[例6]… We couldn’t afford all the necessary medication for him, and because Dad was unable to work, I had no money for school supplies and often couldn’t even buy food for dinner. I would sit in class feeling completely lost, the teacher’s words muffled as I tried to figure out how I was going to manage. (06北京卷)
Q: What can we learn from the underlined sentence? A. Kerrel couldn’t understand her teacher. B. Kerrel had special difficulty in hearing. C. Kerrel was too troubled to focus on the lesson. D. Kerrel Was too tired to bear her teacher’s words. [答案]C
[解析]本文是记叙文。文章描述了作者当时的迷茫和无助,虽然人在课堂上,但心里却想的是家里的困境,因此老师讲的内容根本听不进去,故正确答案是C。
以上从整体上简略的对推理判断题的题型与解题原则、思路、技巧进行了分析和总结,但学生在实际的学习和训练中,会遇到各种各样的问题,这就需要我们在指导学习方法的同时,要教会学生通学通用,这样才能做到举一反三,以助于学生能够独立的思考和应对出现的问题。
参考文献:
1、刘景田.《试题调研(新课标版)》, 2007年第4辑. 2、林欢,赵临,王汝荣,吴光云.《试题调研(新课标版)》2007 年第8辑. 3、詹言志 .如何推断文段的隐含意义,《泛舟学海》高中2008年第3期. 4、李庆和 .如何揣摩作者的观点态度 《泛舟学海》 高中2008年第3期. 5、梁钦宽,宋秋环 《十年高考分类解析与应试策略》南方出版社 2007年. 6、《2007高考备考指南(英语专题训练用书)》广州市教育局教学研究室 2006年.
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