英国文学

The Norman Conquest in 1066 marked the beginning of Medieval English literature ,which ended around the end of 15th century. （1066年诺曼征服标志着中世纪英国文学的开始,结束在15世纪的结束。）

中世纪英国文学是从5世纪开始的。

2. The Canterbury Tales 记

 It has 24 stories. 有24个故事 （生动的）

It is the description of the pilgrims（朝圣

者 ）who tell stories. 是朝圣者描述的

故事

It is about the life of ordinary people.

是关于普通人的生活

It gives vivid characters, with humor and

satire. 有丰富的人物，富含幽默和讽刺

panorama（全景），realistic（现实），vivid

 The famous ones are the story of : (五个代表作) 记 1) the wife of Bath（巴斯夫人）, 2) the Knight （骑士）,

3) the Pardoner（卖赎罪卷者）,

4) the Nun’s Priest （尼姑的教士）, 5) the Prologue （序诗）.

3， General

（1）humanism 人文主义( the idea that man has a potential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfill; emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life) 人有文化的潜能去区分低级生存的命令和他应该不断改善自己去实现，强调人的尊严和尊重生命的重要性

（2）\"University Wits\" (a group of university graduates known for writing excellent plays): John Lyly, Robert Greene, George Peele, Christopher Marlowe (most gifted), and Thomas Kyd.（“大学的智慧”(一群大学毕业生以编写优秀的戏剧):约翰•莱尔罗伯特•格林乔治•Peele克里斯托弗·马洛(最有天赋)和托马斯·基德。） 4.Characteristics of Spenser’s poetry 斯宾塞诗歌艺术的特点  a perfect melody 完美的节奏  a rare sense of beauty 罕见的美感

 a splendid imagination 众人推崇的想象力

 a lofty oral purity and seriousness 口头纯洁的傲慢和认真

6. Christopher Marlowe’s Major Works 克里斯托弗·马洛的主要作品 记名字就ok  The Jew of Malta，the spirit of Renaissance, the desire for infinite wealth, a satire on money

worship and Machiavellianism of the age of rising capitalism. 《马耳他岛的犹太人》

（刻画一个对金钱权力永无休止追求的拜金主义者，鞭挞了资本原始积累时期的丑恶。)  Tamburlaine the Great, 2 parts, 10 acts, the rise and fall of the hero.《帖木儿大帝》（“巨星

陨落”式的悲剧，权迷心窍的牧羊人帖木儿，如何登上国王宝座成为百战百胜的征服者。)  The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus，based on a popular old German legend, the

Renaissance man’s desire for infinite power through knowledge. 《浮士德博士的悲剧》（取材于一个古老的德国传说，为了获得知识和权力想魔鬼出卖灵魂。)

7. Writing Style of Bacon's Essays. 培根的写作风格 记

His sentences are short, pointed, incisive, and often of balanced structure. Many of them have become wise old sayings. Generally Speaking, Bacon's literary style has three prominent qualities: directness, terseness, and forcefulness. (他的句子精简，尖锐，深刻，经常以结构为基础。所以很多成为名言。一般来说，他的文章有三个突出品质：直接，简洁，有力。) 8. Shakespeare 四大悲剧、喜剧 记、背 The Great Comedies: The Great Tragedies:  A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1595)  Othello 奥赛罗  The Merchant of Venice (1596)威尼斯商人  King Lear 李尔王  As You Like It (1599) 皆大欢喜  Macbeth 麦克白  Twelfth Night (1600) 第十二夜  Hamlet 哈姆雷特9. The three major themes in Hamlet: Hamlet 三大主题 背

 Certainty is one of the themes. Hamlet is from time to time stopped by a certain question in

the way of taking revenge. (必然，谈论复仇)

 Action is closely related to the theme certainty, in Hamlet other characters think much less

about ‘action’ and its consequence, but Hamlet himself does. (斗争)  Death is another theme. Hamlet thinks about death a lot. (死亡)

10. Sonnet 十四行诗  Sonnet1-17 的主题

A handsome young man is being persuaded to marry and beget offspring who will preserve his beauty on a new generation, though he himself will lose it as he grows old. 一个帅气的年轻男子正在追求婚姻和产生后代，他会保护他的妻儿，虽然当他变老他会失去他们。  Procreation [,prəukri'eiʃən]（生育，繁衍）  Sonnet 18-126

A variety of themes associated with a handsome young man.

In at least one poem (Sonnet 20) there seems to be a very explicit homosexual basis to the relationship between the speaker-poet and the young man. Elsewhere, there is a suggestion that the young man is having an affair with a woman also loved by the speaker-poet . 表现了年轻人和一个女的风流韵事并且和一个诗人演讲者相爱。  Sonnet 127-152

About a married woman with dark hair and complexion, the so-called “dark lady of the sonnets”.关于一个已婚黑发女子和局面，故称“十四行诗的黑夫”。

 Sonnet 18’s theme: the eternity of art in the preservation of beauty. 保留美丽是不朽的艺术 Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Rough winds do shake the darling buds of Thou art more lovely and more temperate: May,

And summer's lease hath all too short a date: 狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残， Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; 夏日的勾留何其短暂。 And every fair from fair sometime declines, 休恋那丽日当空， By chance or nature's changing course 转眼会云雾迷蒙。 untrimm'd 休叹那百花飘零， But thy eternal summer shall not fade 催折于无常的天命。 Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his 唯有你永恒的夏日常新， shade, 你的美貌亦毫发无损。 When in eternal lines to time thou growest: 死神也无缘将你幽禁， So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, 你在我永恒的诗中长存。 So long lives this and this gives life to thee. 只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇， 我能否将你比作夏天？ 这诗就将不朽， 你比夏天更美丽温婉。 永葆你的芳颜。

11. The 17th Century ，The Period of Revolution and Restoration 革命和复辟的时期

Puritanism preached thrift, sobriety, hard work, but with very little extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labor. 清教主义宣扬节俭，清醒/严肃，勤奋，但对劳动成果有一点奢侈的享受。

Metaphysical Poets & John Donne（玄学派诗人和约翰*多恩）

The works of these poets are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. 这些作品内容上有神秘主义的特征，结构上变化无常。

12. Analysis of Paradise Lost: 《失乐园》分析

 Miltonic style（米尔顿风格）: to express the sublimity of thought, sonority, eloquence,

majesty and grandeur style.表现思想的庄严，洪亮，雄辩，威严，壮丽的风格。

13. John Bunyan( 1628-1688)约翰·班扬  Introduction：Like most working men at the time, Bunyan had a deep hatred for the corrupted,

hypocritical rich who accumulated their wealth “by hook or by crook”(不择手段). As a stout(坚定的) Puritan, he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believed in salvation through spiritual struggle. 和许多那时的工人一样，班扬对腐败和不择手段赚钱的有钱人有很深的仇恨。作为一个坚定的清教徒，他努力学习圣经，坚定地相信通过精神努力可以拯救。  The Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》

The basic metaphor of the book is “Life is a journey.” 这书的基本隐喻是生活是一场旅行。

14. The Age of Enlightenment （启蒙时代）

 Historical Situation：rationality or reason as the final cause for human activity, equality and

justice as only measurement of human activities and relations, 历史情况：合理性的或者给人类活动以目的论作为理由，公平地和人类活动只有一个正义的测量和关系。  Alexander Pope (1688-1744) 亚历山大薄发

The Rape of the Lock Verse format: heroic couplets 《夺发记》诗体格式：英雄双韵体

 Neo-Classicism major writers：古典主义主要作家  Jonathan Swift 乔纳森·斯威夫特style：bitter sarcasm 风格：讽刺(苦涩)

Samuel Johnson’s Letter to Lord Chesterfield (1755)塞缪尔.约翰逊致切斯特菲尔德伯爵书 羞辱事件:“伯爵大人，如果有人在落水者拼死挣扎时袖手旁观，落水者上岸后才给以援手，这样的人可以称为恩人吗? 您现在对我的辛勤劳动所表示的关注，倘来得早些，我怎不领情? 可惜为时过晚，我已无动于衷，无从消受；我已孓然一身，无法与人共享；况且我已成名，无需大人关注了。我从未有过恩人，也不愿意公众认为我曾得到任何恩人的帮助，靠了上帝之福，助我者唯我本人，希望这么说不致于被看作刻薄无礼。”  Henry Fielding (1707-1754) 亨利·菲尔丁

Joseph Andrews 《约瑟夫·安德鲁》 ---The Panoramic novel: a fiction work which gives a comprehensive, all-embracing picture of life or presents a broad view of the society 全景小说：一部给出综合的生活全景图和展示了广阔的社会视野。

---Fielding anticipates the later prominent writers such as Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray. 菲尔丁估计后来著名的作者有像查尔斯.狄更斯（Oliver Twist雾都孤儿）和威廉·梅克比斯·萨克雷（Vanity Fair名利场）

15. English Romanticism

 Introduction：English Romanticism begins in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and

Coleridge’s The Lyrical Ballads and ends in 1832 with Walter Scott’s death. 英国浪漫主义始于1798年华滋华斯和柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》以沃尔特·司各特的死结束。  Feminist works--Gothic novel is a type of romantic fiction that predominates in the late 18th

century 女性主义作品--哥特式小说是浪漫小说的一种类型主要见于18世纪晚期  William Wordsworth 威廉·华兹华斯

His short poems fall into 2 categories: poems about nature and poems about human life. He is a “worshipper of nature”.他的短诗分为2类：对大自然和对人类生活。他是一个“自然的崇拜者”

 Wordsworth’s Preface (1800) to Lyrical Ballads is the manifesto of English Romanticism.

华滋华斯为《抒情歌谣集》作的序是英国浪漫主义的宣言。

 Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling: 诗歌是强大感觉的真情流露。必记  Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯尔律治

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 《古舟子咏》

It is Coleridge’s contribution to The Lyrical Ballads. It tells us a strange story in ballad meter. 民谣计Three guests are on their way to a wedding party when an ancient mariner stopped one of them. The mariner tells of his adventures on the sea. When his ship sails towards the South Pole, an albatross (信天翁） comes through the snow-fog and alights on the rigging.

The mariner shoots at it quite thoughtlessly. Then misfortune befalls降临. The whole crew船员, with the only exception of the old mariner, die of thirst as punishment for the act of inhospitality见死不救. The spell breaks only when the mariner repents his cruelty.  意象：albatross (信天翁）、mariner（水手） 大题

 过人之处：The poem is famous for its beautiful cadence（音韵） and wonderful imagery

意象. The combination 组合of the natural and supernatural, the ordinary and extraordinary makes it one of the masterpieces 杰作of Romantic poetry.

 George Gordon Byron (1788-1824) 乔治·戈登·拜伦

Byron’s poetry is based upon his own experience. His heroes are more or less pictures of himself. His hero is known as “Byronic Hero”拜伦式英雄, a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.神秘的象征高贵血统的叛徒For such a hero, the conflict is usually one of rebellious individual叛逆的个体against outworn过时的social systems and conventions制度.

 熟读Ode to the west wind 《西风颂》Shelley 雪莱 (1792-1822) （2分选择题）

意象赏析：（1）.The first three stanzas：Destroyer and Preserver 破坏者和保护者 （2）.The last two stanzas：Companion in the Revolution 革命的同伴

16. English Critical Realism 英国批判现实主义

 Charles Dickens 查尔斯·狄更斯 Artistic technique: 艺术技巧

A tendency to depict the grosteque characters or events 倾向于描述外表怪异的人物或事件 Humour(comic quality of his language)幽默(漫画质量的语言) bleakness of the landscape 阴郁的景观

 Dickens ： sentimentalist 多愁善感、细腻  Thackeray ：sharp and cynic. 锐利、愤世嫉俗

 William Makepeace Thackeray 威廉·梅克比斯·萨克雷

Vanity Fair’s character 名利场的角色

Amelia Sedley爱米丽亚·赛特笠:the daughter of a wealthy merchant.a good natured, loveable though simple-minded young girl.

Rebecca Sharp利蓓加·夏泼: an orphan who is a strong-willed and cunning young woman determined to make her way in society. George Osborne : Amelia's huaband Rawdon Crawley: Rebecca's husband  The Bronte Sisters 勃朗特姐妹

Charlotte Bronte (Jane Eyre简·爱), Emily Bronte (Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄), Anne Bronte (Agnes Grey 阿格尼斯·格雷)

In Jane Eyre, it is Jane’s rebelliousness 反抗, her dislike for servility(奴性), and her insistence on equality that make the book unique.

In Wuthering Heights, Emily portrays the conflict between the priviledged 特权者 and the underdog（受压迫者）, between the master雇主 and the hired hand 雇工. A story about passionate love and revenge 激烈的爱与复仇.

17．The Victorian Poets 维多利亚时代的诗人

 Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代 Tess of the D’Urbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝》

Pessimistic in his view of life (Immanent Will) 生活中悲观主义的视角(内在意志)

 Hardy’s novels are all Victorian in date. 维多利亚时期Most of them are set in Wessex, the

fictional primitive and crude rural region天然的农村地区 which is really the home place he both loves and hates. They are known for the vivid description of the vicissitudes(变迁；兴衰 ) of people who live in an agricultural setting menaced by the forces of invading capitalism. 生活在一个资本主义入侵的受威胁坏境中。很熟悉  Points of view： 理解

1. As a man intellectually智力上advanced and emotionally traditional, Hardy cherished the 









  18.  1. 2.

beauty, simplicity朴素, and honesty of the rural 乡村的 life, but was aware of the savagery 野性, narrowness 小气and backwardness畏缩 of the life.

2. New discoveries and modern philosophies 人生观of the time opened his eye to the stark 完全的reality and brought about 引起 in him a new understanding of the objectivity客观性, inevitability 必然性 and cruelty of the natural laws of “survival of the fittest”适者生存. 3. Hardy’s view of the world 世界观was rather dark and gloomy晦暗. He believed in the inevitability of the conflict between the inner, subjective human nature and the outer, objective, wild nature or social environment, and the inevitable tragedy of human life. 他相信必然的矛盾在内在主观的人性和外在和客观外在的野性或者社会环境，和必然的人类生活的悲剧。

4. Hardy believed in the existence of some mysterious神秘的, supernatural power which was very powerful, half- blind, impulsive冲动的, and uncaring不注意的to the individuals个体, and determined their fate决定他们的命运, however, hard they tried to change or escape it. Alfred Tennyson 阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生 Poet laureate桂冠诗人 In Memoriam 《悼念》

the death of a friend Arthur Henry Hallam relations between religion and science

给他死去的朋友哈勒姆,诗人表达了真切的伤感和悲痛，同时反映了对生活本质和人类命运的思索和忧虑(科学与宗教)，成为时代的心声。 break，break，break《溅吧，溅吧，溅吧》 为纪念早逝好友哈勒姆而作，诗中用渔家兄妹的戏耍、少年水手的歌唱和出海船只的归航与诗人心境的悲伤作对比，衬托诗人悲痛之强烈。 Matthew Arnold 马修·阿诺德 Dover Beach 《多佛海滩》 诗人在海边触景生情，抚今追昔，由眼前的海景联想到索福克勒斯听到海涛时对人类苦难的悲悯，引出了自己对这个信仰危机时代的担忧和无奈，要求爱人与自己真诚相待，以求在动荡不定的世界找到把握之处。 Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德

唯美主义作品：(The Picture of Dorian Gray,1891)《道林·格雷的画像》 戏剧代表：(The importance of Being Earnest) 《认真的重要性》 George Eliot 乔治·艾略特

Her novels, largely set in provincial England, are well known for their realism and psychological insight. 现实主义和心理上的洞察力。 由于受费尔巴哈等思想进步人士的影响，与其他女作家写闺怨的题材为主相反，她的小说涉及范围更广泛更有深度，题材大多在provincial [prə'vɪnʃ(ə)l] 乡村地区。

Reflects the very spirit of her age through minute details in weaving a most delicate wed of impersonal interrelationship.反映出她的年龄的精神，通过微小细节织造一个精妙的人际关系

A book for adult.A treasure house of details.成人的一本书，细节的宝库。 代表作：Middlemarch《米德尔马契》

MODERNIST NOVELISTS 现代主义小说家

characteristics of modernist writing 现代主义写作的特点 深刻理解，不要背 A movement away from realism into abstractions 从现实到抽象

A high degree of aesthetic self-consciousness 高等级的美的自我意识

3. A breaking with tradition and conventional modes of form, resulting in fragmentation and

bold, highly innovative experimentation 打破传统和传统模式的形式，导致分裂和大胆高度创新实验

 Techniques of modernist writing 现代主义写作的技巧 熟悉 1. Collapsed plots 倒塌的情节

2. Fragmentary techniques 支离破碎的技术

3. Shifts in perspective, voice, and tone 变化的角度来看,语音和语调 4. Stream-of-consciousness point of view 意识流的观点 5. Associative techniques 关联技术  James Joyce 詹姆斯·乔伊斯

 Themes：Joyce is concerned with the themes of the artist and the nature of artistic creation,

the humor and tragedy of human life, and also about the relationship between mind and body 关注艺术家和艺术创作的本质，人类生活的幽默和悲剧，和关于心灵和身体之间的关系 记

 Techniques：move inside the minds of the characters, and presents their thoughts and feelings

in a continuous dream. This style is known as “stream of consciousness”感动人物的深处，提出自己的想法和感受在一个思想连续的梦里。这种风格叫做“意识流”。 记  Master pieces:代表作 记 较重要 1. Dubliners(1914)《都柏林人》: a collection of 15 short stories, all realistic and impressionistic

studies 现实和印象主义的研究of the Irish capital.This novel aims at presenting to the readers a city of paralysis 瘫痪.无力.

2. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916)《一个青年艺术家的画像》: Joyce’s

semi-autobiographical novel. 半自传体小说。 3. Ulysses (1922)《尤里西斯》： 了解

It present a realistic picture of the modem wasteland 现代荒原in which modem men are portrayed as 被描绘成vulgar and trivial creatures 粗俗的和微不足道的生物with splitting personalities带有人格分裂, disillusioned ideals幻想破灭的理想, sordid minds肮脏的思想 and broken families, who are searching in vain 搜索徒然for harmonious 和谐的human relationships and spiritual sustenance 精神寄托 in a decaying world.腐烂的世界  Virginia Woolf 弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙 记

 She is a leading writer in the school of stream of consciousness. 意识流学派主要作家  Experiments with a new form 一种新形式of novel writing began in the 1920s：

depicts描述 the subjective experiences and fragmented memories of its central characters.  Stream-of-consciousness narration 意识流文学 了解

The narrator conveys 表达 a subject’s thoughts, impressions, and perceptions 观念exactly 精确地as they occur, often in disjointed 不连贯的way and without the logic 逻辑and grammar of typical speech and writing.

To be, or not to be: that is the question: And by opposing end them?

Whether ‘tis([诗] it is) nobler in the mind

to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous （To be, or not to be：是否自杀or是否反抗fortune, 杀兄篡位克劳迪斯。） Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,

此段大意：是耐心地忍受这样的痛苦和折磨

更显得高尚，还是奋起反击，去终结给人带

来痛苦和折磨的原因？

 体会哈姆雷特的精神和主旨 哈姆雷特听到父亲的死讯，得知母亲与劳克迪斯迅速成婚的消息之后万分震惊，又无法采取任何手段为父亲复仇，便立即想到以自杀来了却一切烦恼和痛苦。可一想到人死虽如同睡眠，进入的却是一个有去无回的未知境界。Hamlet heard his father's death felt shock.

Hamlet was thinking of the two choices--- to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action. It seems that death is a better choice because it can put an end to all sorrows and misfortunes. But on his second thought, he was wondering about what would happen after death, because in his eyes, death is a mysterious kingdom, which might be more terrible than this world. Therefore, Hamlet was not only tired of life, but he was also full of fear of the unknown future life. His hesitation shows the common feelings of human beings who were suffering in this world.

需要掌握的单词：

Panorama、worldly、sensual、infinite、fulfill、pursuit、oppressive、preserve、procreation、metaphorical、rustic、autobiography、unknownable、drastic、conform、startling、sarcasm、sentiment、pervasive、existence、relentless、suffering、wondrous、compelling