（0057）《词汇学》复习大纲
Chapter One Introduction
1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with at least examples.):
Lexicology (p. 1)
Vocabulary (p. 1)
Morphology (p. 1)
Etymology (p. 2)
Semantics (p. 2)
Stylistics (p. 2)
Phonetics (p.2)
2. Some fundamental ideas (the five points in section 1.3.2)
1) The vocabulary of any language never remains stable, but is constantly changing, growing and decaying, together with the development of human society.
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2) The word is the principal and basic unit of the language. The word is a structural and semantic entity within the language system.
3) The word is a two-facet unit possessing both form and content.
4) Structurally words are inseparable lexical units taking shape in a definite system of grammatical forms and syntactic characteristics, which distinguishes them both from morphemes and words groups.
5) Two approaches of investigations lexicology. The synchronic approach is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as it exists are given time, for instance, at the present time. The Diachronic approach deals with the changes and the development of vocabulary in the course of time. The two approaches should be interconnected and interdependent.
3. The Division of the History of English
1) The Old English (Anglo-Saxon) period
Duration: roughly from 450-1150
The three characteristics of Old English (page 7-8)
(1) pronunciation difference; (2) Teutonic vocabulary; (3) full of inflectional
2) The Middle English period
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Duration: 1150-1500
The three Characteristics of Middle English (page 8)
(1) resemblance to Old English; (2) borrowing and loss in vocabulary; (3) less inflectional
3) The Modern English period (page 8)
Early Modern English (1500-1700)
Late Modern English (Since 1700)
Chapter Two Sources of English Vocabulary
1. The naive elements of English Vocabulary
1) The nine characteristics of the native element (pp. 10-11)
a. all-national character
b. great stability
c. mono-syllabic words
d. Great word-forming ability
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e. wide collocability
f. plurality of meanings
g. high frequency value
h. stylistically neutral
2. The foreign elements of English Vocabulary (pp. 11-26)
1) The three ways of the foreign elements entering into the English
vocabulary (p. 12)
a. through oral speech
b. through written speech
c. through invaders
2) Classification of the foreign borrowings (or, the four types of foreign elements in English vocabulary) (pp. 12-13)
a. aliens ; b. denizens; c. translation loan; d. semantic loan
3) Some useful Latin phrases and abbreviations
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vice versa, per cent, per cap., persona non grata; a.m., p.m., i.e., e.g., c.f., viz.
4) doublets, hybrids and international words in English (pp. 26-30)
5) The three types of assimilated words: completely assimilated words, partly assimilated words and non-assimilated words. (pp. 32-33)
Chapter Three Word-Building
1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.):
morpheme, free morpheme, bound morpheme, root, stem
2. Ways of word-building (attentions should also be paid to the examples appearing the ways of word-building)
1) affixation (pp. 39-51)
2) conversion (pp.51-55)
3) compounding (pp.55-59)
4) backformation (pp. 59-60)
5) shortening (pp. 60-63)
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6) blending (pp. 63-64)
7) imitation (p. 64)
3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!
Chapter Four Semantics
1. definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.):
polysemy (p. 72), homonymy (p. 77), perfect homonym (p. 77), homograph (p. 78), homophone p. 78), synonym (p. 80), antonym (p. 86),
2. important points
1) the relation between a word and its meaning (p. 70)
2) the relation between words and concepts (p. 70-71)
3) the meaning of “nice” (p. 72)
4) types of synonyms (pp. 83-84)
5) the origin of synonyms (p. 84)
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6) the example words of antonym (pp. 86-88)
7) ways of coining neologism (p. 91)
8) the exercises of Chapter Four (pp. 94-100)
Chapter Five Change of Meaning
1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.):
extension of meaning (p. 101), narrowing of meaning (p. 102), degradation of meaning (p. 104), metonymy (p. 114), synecdoche (p. 116), oxymoron (p. 119)
2. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!
Chapter Six English Idioms
1. Characteristics of English idioms (four points) (pp. 124-128)
2. Characteristics of phrasal verbs (three points) (pp. 133-134)
3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!
Chapter Seven Varieties of English
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1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.):
slang (p. 149), jargon (p. 149),
2. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!
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Chapter Eight American English
1. Characteristics of American English (pp. 158-162)
2. Differences between British English and American English (pp. 162-164)
3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!
Chapter Nine Application and Comprehension
1. Attention should be paid to the example words given in this chapter
2. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!
Chapter Ten English Lexicography
1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with examples.):
monolingual dictionary (p. 185), bilingual dictionary (p. 185), encyclopedia (p. 186), encyclopedic dictionary (p. 186).
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（0057）《词汇学》样题
Part I Definition (15 points)
Directions: Defining the following terms with examples. 1. aliens
2. homophone
3. jargon
4. compounding
5. bilingual dictionary
Part II True or False Decision (15 points)
Directions: Decide whether the following statements are T (true) or F (false). 1. Every word has two aspects: the outer aspect — written form and the inner aspect — sound.
2. Some affixes are free morphemes while some others are bound morphemes.
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3. Old English is a language of full inflections.
4. “Popular words” mainly refer to words of French origin in the English language.
5. Strictly speaking, in the English language, there are no two words which are absolutely identical in meaning
6. We should put our hands on the deck, when we hear “All hands on deck” on a boat.
7. In the word “modify”, the root is “mod”, the stem is “modi” and the suffix is “-fy”.
8. Most of the affixes are derived from Old English, or from Latin and Greek.
9. In the compound word “blood test”, the second part, i.e. “test”, indicates the action upon the first part.
10. Absolute synonyms can be found in ordinary life, e.g. begin —commence.
11. Simile, metaphor and personification are figures of speech based on resemblances.
12. Phonologically, compounds can often be identified as having a main
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stress on the first element and secondary stress on the second element.
13. Actual meaning refers to the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary.
14. Most of the English words are polysemic.
15. American English is characterized by creativeness but not
conservativeness in usage.
Part III Multiple Choice (15 points)
Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are 4 words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one word or phrase that correctly completes the sentence.
1. The word “question” is a word borrowed from
.
A. Latin B. French C. Greek D. Scandinavian
2. He is wise enough to see all these fine pretensions.
A. out B. to C. through D. over
3. You should remember that the building is a war memorial and speak more .
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A. respectively B. respectably C. respectfully D. respected
4. The crown jewels are kept in the Tower of London.
A. valued B. valueless C. invaluable D. usable
5. When the crowd saw the prize-fighter stretched out on the canvas, shouts and cheers
from it.
A. broke up B. broke forth C. broke through D. break upon
6. The scientists realized it would be too to ship all people in one boat
because it was fragile.
A. bold B. daring C. risky D. dangerous
7. The energy gained from the sun can then be used during the night to enable the necessary chemical reactions to
in his body.
A. precede B. proceed C. progress D. practise
8. There is a the cold weather.
of vegetables in Shanghai at the moment because of
A. shortage
B. want C. need
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D. desire
9. When the Victorians had family reunions, the hosts went to entertain the guests.
their way
A. in for B. over C. out of D. back on
10. Having pushed her son, Eve gave him a dismissive car.
towards the
A. push B. pull C. draw D. drag
11. Which of the following usually appears in poems?
A. horse B. steed C. gee-gee D. nag
12. Which of the following words is INCORROCT in word formation?
A. unhorse B. unmanned C. unfrost D. unhappy
13. Which of the following is formed by blending?
A. pop B. sightsee C. copter D. boatel
14. The antonym of “fresh” in “fresh bread” is ________.
A. stale B. stuffy C. faded D. tired
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15. I will take you to a most interesting ________ of nineteenth century.
A. wonder B. exhibition C. exposition D. display
Part IV Translation (10 points)
Directions: Translating the following sentences into Chinese. 1. The sea has smoothed down.
2. Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David.
3. He commanded a fleet of thirty sails.
4. Strike while the iron is hot.
5. Most of the city families have a fridge.
Part V Answer the following questions with examples (15 points)
1. What are the classifications of Homonyms? (7 points)
2. What are the characteristic features of English idioms? (8 points)]
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（0057）《词汇学》样题答案
Part I Definition (15 points)
1. aliens
Aliens are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin. For examples, “coup d’état”, “résumé”, “régime”, etc. are all Aliens of French borrowings.
2. homophones
Homophones are words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. sun, son; piece and peace; etc.
3. jargon
Jargon are terms peculiar to a class, sect, trade or profession. For example, when the chemist says “Chlorophyll makes food by photosynthesis.” he is talking jargon, which in plain language means “green leaves build up food with the help of light”.
4. compounding
Compounding is the word forming process by which tow or even more words
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are joined to form a new entity. For example, “darkroom (meaning ‘a room used for photographic processing’) is formed by joining “dark” and “room” into a new word.
5. bilingual dictionary
A bilingual dictionary involves two languages. The main entries are generally defined or explained in the same language with translations as Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese Translation, etc. Part II True or False Decision (15 points)
1~15 FFTTT 6~10 FTTTF 11~15TTFTF
Part III Multiple Choice (15 points)
1~5 ACCCB 6~10 CBACA 11~15 BCDAB
Part IV Translation (10 points)
1. 大海已经平静下来了。
2. 基辛格获得计划后，乘直升飞机去了戴维营。
3. 他指挥一支由三十条船组成的船队。
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4. 趁热打铁。
5. 大多数城市家庭都拥有电冰箱。
Part V Answer the following questions with examples (15 points)
1. What are the classifications of Homonyms? (See pp. 77-78) (7 points)
We may classify English homonyms as follows:
1) Perfect homonyms or words identical both in sound and in spelling but different in meaning. e.g.
long extended, not short (O.E. lang),
long to desire, yearn, (O. E. langian)
yard an enclosed space (O.E. geard, an enclosure).
yard a rod, an English measure of 36 inches (O.F. gyrd or gerd, a stick, rod)
2) Homographs or words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g.
bow (//) a piece of wood curved by a tight string, using for shooting arrows
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bow (//) bend the head or body
3) Homophones or words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. son, sun; pair, pear; sight, site cite; some, sum; piece, peace; see, sea.
4) Homoforms or words quite different in meaning but identical in some of their grammatical forms e.g.
bound past and past perfect of bind
bound to bound (to jump); bound (n. = limit); bound (adj. = ready to start).
found past and past perfect of find
found to found (= to establish)
2. What are the characteristic features of English idioms? (See pp. 124-128) (8 points)
English idioms have the following characteristics:
1) Structural stability. An English idiom has an established form, one that has been accepted by traditional usage. No element can be changed in English idioms without destroying the sense as a whole, e.g. “A stitch in time saves nine” cannot be changed to “one stitch in time saves nine.”
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2) Semantic unity and lack of motivation. By semantic unity we mean that the member words of an idiom do not possess any lexical meaning outside the
integral meaning of the whole. For instance, take off in the sentence “Bill took off Winston Churchill to perfection” is an idiom since it is a unit of meaning synonymous with “imitate”. The meaning of English idiom can’t be made out from the ordinary acceptance of the term. For example the meaning of “how do you do” can’t be made out from its parts.
3) English idioms have the characteristics of syntactic inseparability. The part-of-speech meaning of idioms is irrespective of the part-of-speech meaning of the component words. For example, in the long run, is viewed as composed of two independent units (adjective and noun) but it is an adverbial expression syntactically equivalent to single adverbs, e.g. finally, ultimately, etc.
4) Stylistic characteristics: English idioms are essentially national in character, i.e. their components are mostly native elements. For example, idioms such as “to turn up one’s nose at”; “to keep hands in pockets”, etc. are more colloquial
than literary, and they belong to the spoken rather than the written language. They are mainly concerned with human life in its ordinary aspects.
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