Lesson 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar
1. Onomatopoeia: is the formation of words in imitation of the sounds associated with the thing concerned.
e.g. 1) tinkling bells (Para. 1)
2) As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear. (Para. 5)
3) the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9)
2. Metaphor: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using “as” or “like”.
e.g. 1)…in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar (Para. 7)
2) It grows louder and more distinct, until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes, …(Para. 5)
3. alliteration: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters.
e.g. 1) …thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1)
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4. Hyperbole: is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc.
e.g. … and so thick with the dust of centuries that …(Para. 8)
a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9)
5．Contrast:
e.g. 1) …a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows…(Para. 5)
2) …which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels. (Para. 5)
6. Personification: a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form.
e.g. 1) … where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay, … (Para. 7)
2) It grows louder and more distinct, until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes, as the burnished copper catches the light of …(Para.5)
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Lesson 2
V: Figures of speech
Metaphor: 暗喻
1). And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon railways official might say. (Para.
2) At last the intermezzo came to an end and…(Para. 5)
Synecdoche: 提喻
A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (a hand for sailor ),
the whole for a part (as the law for police officer ), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin ), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket ), or the material for the thing from which it is made (as steel for sword ).
举隅法，提喻法：一种修辞方法，以局部代表整体（如用手 代表 水手 ），以整体代表局部（如用 法律 代表 警官 ），以特殊代表一般（如用 直柄剃刀 代表 杀人者 ），以一般代表特殊（如用 贼 代表 扒手 ），或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用 钢 代表 剑 ）
e.g. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the
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kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)
little old Japan: traditional Japanese houses
Metonymy: 换喻
A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of “Washington” for “the United States government” or of “the sword” for “military power”.
换喻，转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用“华盛顿” 代替 “美政府” 或用 “剑” 代替 “军事力量”
The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)
the kimono and the miniskirt: the Japanese culture and the western culture
Irony：反语
The use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning to achieve the humorous and ironic effect.
反语：用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法,以达到幽默和讽刺的效果。
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e.g. Hiroshima—the “liveliest” City in Japan
This way I look at them and congratulate myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought me. (P. 17)
Climax: 层进法
A series of statements or ideas in an ascending order of rhetorical force or intensity.
层进法：在不断增强的修辞力度或强度中使用的一系列陈述和方法
Anti-climax: 渐降
Anti-climax, as used in the text, states one’s thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity from strong to weak, from weighty to light. It has achieved a humorous or surprised or even a sarcastic effect when the mayor was introducing his city to the visitors, who were expecting his answer to have something to do with the atom bomb, but who ironically heard “oysters” in the end.
渐降表述概念的方式是使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重到轻，有此达到取笑、讽刺或是喜剧的效果。
e.g. “seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for
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its—oysters.”(p.15)
Lesson 4 Everyday Use—for your grandmama
Hyperbole
1) And she stops and tries to dig a well in the sand with her toe. (Para. 18)
simile
1) …the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye. (Para. 15)
2) “Mama,”Wangero said sweet as a bird .“can I have these old quilts?”(Para. 56)
3) Maggie’s hand is as limp as a fish, … (Para. 23)
Lesson 5 Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R.
1. Rhetorical question 反问句 Interrogation asks a question not in order to obtain an answer, but for the purpose of making an assertion in a striking and lively way. E.g. …but can you doubt what our policy will be? (Para. 10)
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2. parallel structure and repetition 排比和重复 1) We will never parley
We will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang(Para. 10)
2) we shall fight him by land
we shall fight him by sea
we shall fight him in the air. (Para. 10)
3) I see the Russian soldiers standing…
I see them guarding…
I see the ten thousand villages…
I see advancing upon…(Para. 8)
3. Repetition The repeated use of the same synonymous words, to add force, clearness or balance to a sentence We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. (Para. 10)
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We will never parley, we will never negotiate…(Para. 10)
…as we shall faithfully and steadfastly to the end…. (Para. 10)
We shall be strengthened and not weakened in determination and in resources. (Prar. 11)
He has so long thrived and prospered. (Para. 12)
4. simile I see also the dull…German soldiers…crawling locusts.(p79-80) 5. metaphor 1) I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes. (Para. 1)
2) …delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey (the Russian soldiers). (Para. 8)
3) … and launch this cataract of horrors among mankind. (Para. 9)
4) we have rid the earth of his shadow (influence) and liberated its peoples from his yoke(control). (Para. 10)
6. alliteration
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1) I also see the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(Para. 8)
2) Hearth and home (Para. 13))
3) Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience. (Para. 13)
7. Personification I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey. (Para. 8)
8. hyperbole If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons. (Hitler is much eviler than the devil.) ((Para. 5))
9. antithesis Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe. (Para. 10)
Lesson 6 Blackmail
Metaphor
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His wife shot him a swift, warning glance. (Para. 8)
The Duchess kept firm tight rein on her racing mind. (Para. 75)
Eyes riveted on his face, … (Para. 97)
Her voice was a whiplash. Eyes bored into him. (Para. 99)
Unit 9 Mark Twain—Mirror of America
V. Rhetorical devices
1. Simile:
e.g. 1) All would resurface in his books, … language that he soaked up with a memory that seemed phonographic. (Para. 4)
2. Metaphor
e.g.
1) Mark Twain --- Mirror of America
2)saw clearly ahead a black wall of night... (Para. 1)
3)main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart…(Para. 3)
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4) The cast of characters set beore him in his new professon was rich and varied—a cosmos. (Para. 4)
5)Steamboat decks teemed...main current of...but its flotsam…(Para. 5)
6)...the epidemic of gold and silver fever... (Para. 7)
7)Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles... (Para.9)
3. Alliteration:
e.g. It was a splendid population –for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home. (Para.9)
It was that population…and rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring and a recklessness of cost or consequences” (Para. 9)
4. Antithesis:
e.g. 1)…of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are. (Para. 5)
2)…a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever.
5. euphemism
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e.g. 1) he commented with a crushing sense of despair on man’s final release from earthly struggles
6. metonymy
e.g. …but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax.
7. Irony
He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley band of Confiderate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy.
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