语言学chapter 3 phonetics and phonology教材课程

语言学chapter 3 phonetics and phonology教材

课程

Chapter 3 Phonetics and Phonology Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of language. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in language, and to explain the variations that occur. Relationship: Phonetics Phonology Both are concerned with the same aspect of language---the speech sounds. the study of all possible speech sounds as individuals the study of the rules that govern the combination of those sounds into meaningful units. focuses on chaos focuses on order, system Part 1 Phonetics Articulatory phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. (发声语音学) Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. （声学语音学） Perceptual or auditory phonetics is concerned with of the perception of speech sounds. （感知语音学 / 听觉语音学） 2.1.2

pted

using a different letter for each distinguishable speech sounds.

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and linguists. 2.2 Consonants and Vowels Consonants are produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction. A vowel is produced without such obstruction so that air escape in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose. 2.2.1 Consonants 2.2.1.1 The manner of articulation refers to ways in which articulation can be accomplished. Stop / plosive (塞音/爆破音) in the production of a plosive, the air-stream is obstructed completely both in the oral and nasal tracts, so that when the closure in the oral tract is suddenly released, the compressed air rushes out and produces an explosive sound. [p, b, t, d, k, g] Nasal（鼻音） in the production of a nasal, the air-stream is completely obstructed in the oral tract but not in the nasal tract (the soft palate is lowered), so that the air passes through the nose freely. [m, n, ŋ] Fricative (擦音) in the production of a fricative two vocal organs are brought very close together (but not to the extent of touching each other to form a closure) so that the airstream forcing its way through the resulting narrowing becomes turbulent, and this turbulence is heard as a fricative noise. [f, v, , , s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h] Lateral/Liquid （边音）－

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in the production of a lateral the airstream is obstructed along the center of the oral tract, but one or both sides of the tongue are away from the roof of the mouth, so that the air can go through the mouth laterally. [l] is the only lateral in English. Affricative （塞擦音） Affricatives involve more than one of these manners of articulation in that they consist of a stop followed immediately afterwards by a fricative at the same place of articulation. [t] [dЗ] 2.2.1.2 The place of articulation refers to the point where a consonant is made. Labial (双唇音) the obstruction of the airstream is caused by the two lips, such as in the production of [p, b, m] of the English words pie, buy, my. Labiodental (唇齿音) the obstruction of the airstream is caused by the lower lip and the upper front teeth, such as in the production of [f, v] of the English words fie, vie. Interdental（齿音） the obstruction of the airstream is caused by the tongue tip or blade and the upper front teeth, such as in the production of [, ] of the English words thigh, thy. Alveolar ( 齿龈音) the obstruction of the airstream is caused by the tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge, such as the production of [t, d, l, n, s, z] of the English words tie, die, lie, nigh, sigh, zyme.

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Palatal （硬腭音）sounds are made with the front of the tongue and the hard palate. The only English sound made here is [j]. Velar （软腭音）：

Velars are made with the back of the tongue and the velum. Examples in English are velar stops [k, g], and velar nasal [ŋ] . the description of consonants: (v)+p (lace) + m (anner) [p] [b] [s] [z] [] [] [m] [n] voiceless bilabial stop voiced bilabial stop voiceless alveolar fricative voiced alveolar fricative voiceless dental fricative voiced dental fricative voiced bilabial nasal voiced alveolar nasal [t, d] voiceless voiced 2.2.2 Vowels Cardinal vowels (基本元音): as exhibited by the vowel diagram in the IPA chart, are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages. monophthong vowels: A monophthong is a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up or down towards a new position of articulation. diphthong vowels: A diphthong ( diphthongos, literally two sounds or two tones), also known as a gliding vowel, refers to two adjacent vowel sounds occurring within the same syllable. [i] [i:] [ə] [ə:] [ɔ] [ɔ:] [u] [u:] [ʌ] [ɑ:]

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[e] [] [ei] [ai] [ɔi] [au] [əu] [iə] [ɛə] [uə] triphthong vowel: (literally with three sounds, or with three tones) If two movements from one element to a second, then from the second to the third of the tongue are involved, the combing vowels are called triphthongs. 2.2.3 The Sounds of English RP GA tenseness: the description of vowels: h + p + t / l + r / u the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low) the position of the highest part of the tongue (front, central, back) the length or tenseness of the vowel (tense vs. lax or long vs. short) lip-rounding (round vs. unrounded) P47 48 [i:] [ɔ] [u] high front tense unrounded vowel low back lax rounded vowel high back lax rounded vowel [ə] mid central lax unrounded vowel

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