核心员工的特征
大卫·G．詹森
1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?What exactly is a key player?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。A key player is a phrase that I’ve heard about from employers during just about every search I’ve conducted.我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。I asked a client --a hiring manager involved in a search --to define it for me.每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done.
在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”On my team of seven process engineers and biologist,I’ve got two or three whom I just couldn’t live without 他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。He said.key players are essential to my organization.当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。”And when hire your company to recruit for us ,we expect that you’ll be going into other companies and finding just that :the staff that another manager will not want to see leave .we recruit only key players .
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2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。This is part of a pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor’s company to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change .他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。They want to hire a key player from another company .然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。Every company also hires from the ranks of newbies ,and what they are looking for is exactly the same .“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。We hold them up to the standers we see in our top people .假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。If it looks like they have this traits ,we’ll place a bet on them .It’s just a bit riskier .
3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。It’s an educated guess ,says my hiring manager client .作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。Your job as a future employee is to help the hiring manager mitigate that risk .You need to help them identify you as a prospective key player .
4特征1：无私的合作者Trait 1:the selfless collaborator 职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。John Fetzer ,career consultant and chemist ,first suggested this trait ,which has already been written about a
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great deal . 它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。It deserves repeating because it is the single most public difference between academic and industry .“这里需要合作，”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。”It’s teamwork ,says Fetzer .The business environment is less lone-wolf and competitive ,so signs of being collaborative and selfless stand out .You just can’t succeed in an industry environment without this mindset .
5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。Many postdocs and grad students have a tough time showing that they can make this transition because so much of their life has involved playing the independent-researcher role and outshining other young stars. 你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。You can make yourself more attractive to companies by working together with scientists from other laboratories and disciplines in pursuit of common goal --and documenting the results on your resume .这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从 “单干户”转变成“合作者”。This
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approach ,combined with a liberal use of the pronoun we and not just I when describing your accomplishments ,can change the company’s perception of you from a lone wolf to a selfless collaborator . 更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。Better still ,develop a reputation inside your lab and with people your lab collaborator with as a person who fosters and initiates collaborations --and make sure this quality gets mentioned by those who will take those reference phone calls .
6特征2：紧迫感 trait 2:a sense of urgency
唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。Don Haut is a frequent contributor to the aaas.sciencecareers@org discussion forum .他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级管理的职位。He is a former scientist who transitioned to industry many years ago and then on to a senior management position .他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作，这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。Haut heads strategy and business development for a division of 3M with more than 2.4 billion in annual revenues . He is among those who value a sense of urgency .
7“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”
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豪特说，Business happens 24/7/365 ,which means that competition happens 24/7/365 ,as well ,says Haut .“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。One way that companies win is by getting there faster ,which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move quickly ,but you have to know how to decide where there is !这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly ,but for those who can think fast and have the courage to act on their convictions .这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。”This requirement needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management .
8特征3：风险容忍度 trait 3: risk tolerance
企业要求员工能承受风险。Being OK with risk is something that industry demands .“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论，”一位客户在职业描述中写道。A candidate needs to have demonstrated the ability to make decisions with imperfect or incomplete information .He or she must be able to embrace ambiguity and stick his or her neck out to drive to a conclusion , wrote one of my clients in a job description .
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9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质：那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的，组织上的和财务上的。Haut agrees .Business success is often defined by comfort with ambiguity and risk-personal ,organizational ,and financial . 这就让许多科学家感到不适应，因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。This creates a disconnect for many scientists because success in academia is really more about careful ,studied research .更进一步说，伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。 Further ,great science is often defined by how one gets to the answer as much as by the itself , so scientists often fall in love with the process .在企业里，你需要了解过程，但最终你会迷上答案，然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。” In a business ,you need to understand the process , but you end up falling in love with the answer and then take a risk based on what you think that answer means to your business . Putting your neck on the line like this is a skill set that all employers look for in their best people .
10风险容忍度的另外一个要点是求职者对失败的承受度。 Another important piece of risk tolerance is a candidate’s degree of comfort with failure . 失败很重要，因为这表示你不怕冒险。Failure is important because it shows that you were not afraid to take chances .所以各家公司总会寻找有可能犯错误并敢于承认错误的求职者。大家都知
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道如何谈论成功——或者当他们在寻找工作的时候应该知道。但很少有人乐意谈论失败，更少有人知道如何从失败的边缘吸取教训和获得经验。So companies consistently look for candidates who can be wrong and admit it . Everyone knows how to talk about successes -----or they should if they’re in a job search ---but far fewer people are comfortable talking about failures ,and fewer still know how to bring lessons and advantages back from the brink .“对我的企业来说，求职者需要坦然地谈论他或她的失败，而且他或她需要有真正的失败经历，而不是特意为面试而杜撰的东西。如果做不到的话，那么这个人冒的风险还不够，”豪特说。 For my organization ,a candidate needs to have comfort discussing his or her failures ,and he or she needs to have real failures,not something made up for interview day .If not ,that person has not taken enough risk .says Haut .
11特征4：善于处理人际关系trait 4:strength in interpersonal relationships
瑞克·李奇在迪科德遗传工程公司从事业务拓展。 Rick Leach is in business development for deCODE Genetics .李奇最近才转行到企业，做业务方面的工作。Leach made the transition to industry recently ,on the business side of things .我向他咨询这个重要特征，是因为在他的新业务角色中，人际沟通能力在成功和失败之间发挥着很大的作用。I asked him about this key trait because in his new business role ,interpersonal abilities make the difference between success and
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failure .“科学家毕生都在积累知识，培养技术上的敏锐感，”他说，“但为企业工作需要完全不同的东西——人际交往的能力。 Scientists spend their lives accumulating knowledge and developing technical acumen , he says ,but working for a business requires something else entirely --people skills . 想转行到企业界的科学家们必须优先考虑他们的社会关系资源而不是技术资源。The scientist who is transitioning into the business world must prioritize his or her relationship assets above their technical assets. 对一个以前一直根据专业知识水平被评价的人来说，突然之间要根据他的人际交往能力来评价他，真是十分令人恐惧。”To suddenly be valued and measured by your mastery of human relationships can be a very scary proposition for a person who has been value and measured only by his mastery of things ,says Rick .
12然而，如果认为只有像李奇那样的生意人才需要熟练的人际沟通技巧，那就错了。It would be a mistake ,however ,to assume that strong people skills are required only for business people like Leach .事实上，我所遇见的在企业工作的核心员工们之所以取得成功，很大程度上是因为他们能够与公司上下各种各样的人共事。 Indeed ,the key players I’ve met who work at the bench in industry have succeed in great measure because they’ve been able to work with a broad variety of personalities ,up and down the organization .
UNIT FOUR
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下面的文章选自奈杰尔贝诺克瑞提斯的婚姻与家庭。此书在美国的一些大学里被用作社会学和妇女研究等课程的教材，它强调了在当代社会和家庭中所发生的重要变化，探索了家庭成员所面临的选择，以及我们很多人都还未意识到的种种约束。该书还审视了当今美国家庭的多样性，运用跨文化和多元文化的比较，以激发创造性思维来研究21世纪家庭所面临的许多严峻问题。
LOVE AND LOVING RELATIONSHIPS Nijole V. Benokraitis爱和情感连系
1 爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。它既是一种情感，又是一种行为。Love-as both an emotion and a behavior-is essential for human survival.家庭通常是我们最早和最重要的爱和情感支持的来源。The family is usually our earliest and most important source of love and emotional support. 众所周知，缺乏爱的婴幼儿会产生各种各样的问题，如抑郁症、头
痛、生理残疾、神经质或身心疾病，这些病有时会伴随他们一生。Babies a
nd children deprived of love have been known to develop a wide variety of problems-for example, depression, headaches, physiological impairments, and neurotic and psychosomatic difficulties-that sometimes last a lifetime. 而对比之下，拥有爱和拥抱的婴儿通常体重增加得
快，哭得少，而笑得多。In contrast, infants who are loved and cuddle
d typically gain more weight, cry less, and smile more. 到了五岁时，
他们的智商和语言测试的分数明显比前一类儿童高得多。By five years of a
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ge, they have been found to have significantly higher IQs and to score higher on language tests.
2 很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他们以后的交友，在学校的表现，如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况，以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。Much research shows that the
quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and ④how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults. 正是因为这些原因，人们与家庭成员的早期亲密关系才如此至关重要。It is for these reasons that people's early intimate relationships within their family of originl areso critical.在人情冷漠的环境中(如孤儿院，某些寄养家庭，或缺乏关爱的家庭)长大的孩子会出现情感和社会性发育不良，语言和运动技能迟缓，以及精神健康问题。Children who are raised in impersonal environments(orphanage, some foster homes, or unloving families) show emotional and social underdevelopment, language and motor skills retardation, and mental health problems.
3 对自己的爱，或者说自爱，对我们的社会性和情感发展也是至关重要的。Love for oneself, or self-love, is also essential for our social and emotional development. 女演员梅·韦斯特曾说过，“我从没有像爱自己那样爱过别人。”虽然这样的话听起来似乎有些以自我为
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中心，实际上却是相当有见地。Actress Mae West once said, \"I never loved another person the way I loved myself.\" Although such a statement may seem self-centered, it's actually quite insightful. 社会学家将自爱描述为自尊的一个重要基础。Social scientists describe self-love as an important oasis for self-esteem. 从别的方面来说，自我喜欢的人更乐于接受批评，对别人的要求也不那么苛刻。Among other things, people who like themselves are more open to criticism and less demanding of others. 弗罗姆(1956)认为自爱是爱别人的先决条件。Fromm (1956) saw self-love as a necessary prerequisite for loving others. 不喜欢自己的人也许不懂得回报爱，而却有可能不停地寻找爱的关系来改变卑微的自我形象。 People who don't like themselves may not be able to return love but may constancy seek love relationships to bolster their own poor self-images. 那么到底什么是爱?是什么让人们走到一起? But just what is love? What brings people together?
4 爱是一个难以描述的概念。Love is an elusive concept. 我们都经历过爱，觉得我们知道爱是什么，然而当被问到什么是爱时，人们给出的答案却不尽相同，比如一个九岁的男孩说，“爱像雪崩，你必须快跑才能活命。” We have all experienced love and feel we know what it is;however,when asked what love is,people give a variety of answers.According to a nine-year-old boy,for example,\"Love is like an avalanche where you have to run for your life.\" 爱
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对我们来说意味着什么，这取决于我们所指的是家人之间、朋友之间还是恋人之间的爱。What we mean by love depends on whether we are talking about love for family members,friends,or lovers. 几百年来爱都是灵感、俏皮的揶揄、甚至是政治活动的来源。Love has been a source of inspiration,wry witticisms, and even political action for many centuries.
5 爱有很多层面，它可能是浪漫的，令人激动的，让人着迷的，或者是非理性的。Love has many dimensions. It can be romantic, exciting,obsessive,and irrational.它也可能是柏拉图式的，令人平静的，无私的，或者理智的。It can also be platonic, calming, altruistic, and sensible? 许多研究者觉得爱没有一个唯一的定义，它有程度和强度之分，并且跨越了社会背景。Many researchers feel that love defies a single definition because it varies in degree and intensity and across social contexts. 拥有恋爱关系至少需要具备三个元素：At the very least, three elements are necessary for a loving relationship: 1)愿意取悦和迁就另一方，即使需要妥协或牺牲；(1) a willingness to please and accommodate the other person, even if this involves compromise and sacrifice; 2)能接受另一方的错误和缺点；(2) an acceptance of the other person's faults and shortcomings; and3)关心爱人的幸福像关心自己一样。(3) as much concern about the loved one's welfare as one's own. 而且，说自己“处于恋爱中”的人们重视相互之间的关心、亲密和忠诚。 And, people who say they are \"in love\" emphasize caring, intimacy, and
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commitment.
6 不管是哪种类型的爱，关心另一方是非常必要的。In any type of love, caring about the other person is essential.虽然爱可能包含激情的渴望，然而
相互尊重才是更重要的品质。 Although love may, involve passionate
yearning, respect is a more important quality. 相互尊重是所有爱的共性：
“我想要我爱的人为他自己成长发展，并且用他自己的方式，而不是为了迎合我。”Respect is inherent in all love: \"I want the loved person to grow and
unfold for his own sake, and in his own ways, and not for the purpose of serving me.\" 如果没有尊重和关怀，两人的关系就不是建立在爱的基础上；反
而成为一种不健康的或者是具有占有欲的依赖，而这会限制爱的双方在社会、情感和智力方面的发展。If respect and caring are missing, the relationship is
not based on love. Instead, it is an unhealthy or possessive dependency that limits the lovers' social, emotional, and intellectual growth.
7 爱，特别是长久的爱，和我们从好莱坞、电视、或爱情小说中获得的对爱和狂热的性爱的印象完全不同。Love, especially long-term love, has nothing in common with the images of love or frenzied sex that we get from Hollywood, television, and romance novels. 由于这些印象的缘故，许多人对爱有各种各样的误解，这些误解常常会导致不现实的期望、固定模式或幻觉破灭。Because of these images, many people believe a variety of myths about love. These misconceptions often lead to unrealistic expectations, stereotypes, and disillusionment.事实上，“真”爱更接近于一位作家(约翰逊，1995)所称的“搅燕麦粥之爱”。 In fact, \"real\" love is closer to what one author called \"stirring-the-oatmeal love\"
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(Johnson 1985). 这种爱既不令人激动也不能令人兴奋，但是它却是实实在在的，不浪漫的。This type of love is neither exciting nor thrilling but is relatively mundane and unromantic. 它是付账单，倒垃圾，刷马桶，孩子生病时守夜，以及完成其他各种各样不那么性感的“搅燕麦粥”的任务。It means paying bills, putting out the garbage, scrubbing toilet bowls, being up all night with a sick baby, and performing myriad other ' oatmeal\" tasks that are not very sexy.
8有些伴侣们轮流来“搅燕麦粥”，其他人则寻求一种能带来浪漫的烛光美餐的恋爱关系。Some partners take turns stirring the oatmeal. Other people seek relationships that offer candlelit gourmet meals in a romantic setting. 不管我们是否决定建立认真的恋爱关系，是什么样的爱让我们走到一起?Whether we decide to enter a serious relationship or not, what type of love brings people together?
9 一开始让人相互吸引的是什么?许多人相信“世上有一个人是你为之而生的”，而且命运会将你俩带到一起。What attracts individuals to each other in the first place? Many people believe that \"there's one person out there that one is meant for\" and that destiny will bring them together. 这样的想法很浪漫却不现实。Such beliefs are romantic but unrealistic.实证研究发现，是文化标准和价值观而非命运，将人们连系在一起。 Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together. 我们错过了成千上万的可能的爱人，因为他们早就被正式的或非正式的挑选理想爱人的准则筛选出局，这些准
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则包括年龄、种族、地域、社会阶层、宗教、性倾向、健康状况或外表。We will never meet millions of potential lovers because they are \"filtered out\" by formal or informal rules on partner eligibility due ton factors such as age, race, distance, Social class, religion, sexual orientation, health, or physical appearance.
10 从童年开始，父母们就通过选择某个街区和学校，或是鼓励或是限制孩子未来的情感关系。Beginning in childhood, parents encourage or limit future romantic liaisons by selecting certain neighborhoods and schools. 在青少年早期，同伴们的标准也会影响青少年决定哪些情感关系是可以接受的(“你想和谁约会?”)。In early adolescence, pear norms influence the adolescent's decisions about acceptable romantic involvements (\"You want to date who?!\"). 甚至在13岁之前，情感经历就由社会和群体的活动和期望所决定和培养起来了。Even during the preteen years, romantic experiences are cultured in the sense that societal and group practices and expectations shape romantic experience. 虽然爱情可以跨越文化和民族的界线，但批评和赞同教会了我们什么是可以接受的浪漫行为和与谁发生浪漫行为。Although romance may cross cultural or ethnic borders, criticism and approval teach us what is acceptable romantic behavior and with whom. 一个人也许会对另一个人产生“欲望”，但是如果有强烈的文化或族群反对，我们中的大多数人即使有这样的渴望也不会因此而爱上某人的。One might \"lust\" for someone, but these yearnings will not lead most
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of us to \"fall in love\" if there are strong cultural or group bans.
11 里根和波谢德(1999)曾把贪欲、性欲和浪漫的爱加以区分。Regan and Berscheid (1999) differentiate between lust, desire, and romantic love. 他们把贪欲描述为身体上的而非情感上的兴奋，是一种有意识的或无意识的状态。They describe lust as primarily physical rather than emotional, a condition that may be conscious or unconscious. 相反性欲是一种心理状态，在这种心理状态下，一个人想建立一种目前还不具有的恋爱关系，或者是想进行一种目前还没有进行的行为。Desire, in contrast, is a psychological in which one wants a relationship that one doesn't now have, or to engage in an activity in which one is not presently engaged.性欲可能会成为或不会成为浪漫的爱情(作者把浪漫的爱情等同于充满激情或性欲的爱)。 Desire may or may not lead to romantic love (which the authors equate with passionate or erotic love). 里根和波谢德认为：性欲是点燃并维持浪漫爱情的必要成分。Regan and Berscheid suggest that desire is an essential ingredient for initiating and maintaining romantic love. 一旦性爱消失了，一个人就不能再说成是还处在浪漫恋情中。If desire disappears, a person is no longer said to be in a state of romantic love. 一旦欲望消失了，失望的恋人就会诧异原来他们关系中的“火花”去哪儿了，他们可能会很遗憾地(而且渴望地)怀念“过去的美好时光”。Once desire diminishes, disappointed lovers may wonder where the \"spark\" in their relationship has gone and may reminisce regretfully (and longingly) about \"the good old days\".
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12 然而，我们不应就此得出性欲总是以身体的亲密接触告终，或性与浪漫爱情是同一回事的结论。One should not conclude, however, that desire always culminates in physical intimacy or that desire is the same as romantic love. 结了婚的伴侣们可以深爱对方，即使很少或从来没有身体的亲密接触。Married partners may love each other even though they rarely, or never, engage in physical intimacy. 此外，爱，尤其是长期的爱，和浪漫的爱是有很大区别的。In addition, there are some notable differences between love-especially long-term love-and romantic love.健康的恋爱关系，不管它们是有性的或是无性的(比如对家人的爱)都反映了关怀、亲密和忠诚的平衡。 Healthy loving relationships,whether physical or not(such as love for family members), reflect a balance of caring, intimacy, and commitment.
Unit Five
“瑜伽”这个词源于梵语，意思是“结合”或“联合”，传统上瑜伽是一种把个人和神，万物之灵或无穷的意识联合在一起的方法。为了帮助达到这个也被称为“自我超越”或“启蒙”的目的，设计了身体上和精神上的锻炼方法。The term yoga comes from a Sanskrit word which means yoke or union .traditionally ,yoga is a method joining the individual self with the Divine ,Universal Spirit ,or Cosmic Consciousness . Physical and mental exercises are designed to help achieve this goal also called self-transcendence or enlightenment . 在身体上，设计了各种瑜伽姿势来使人的身体结
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实、强壮，有协调性，练习这些体位能使脊柱变得柔软健康，血液更通畅地到达各器官、腺或人体组织，从而使身体各系统更健康穹.在精神上，瑜伽使用呼吸法和冥想使心境平和、澄净，精神得到很好的修养。On the physical level ,yoga postures ,called asanas ,are designed to tone ,strengthen ,and align the body . These postures are performed to make the spine supple and healthy and to promote blood flow to all the organs glands , and tissues ,keeps all the bodily systems healthy . On the mental level ,yoga uses breathing techniques and meditation to quiet ,clarify and discipline the mind .但是专家们很快指出瑜伽不是一种宗教，而是将健康与平和的心境结合在一起的一种生活方式。 However ,experts are quick to point out that yoga is not a religion ,but a way of living with health and peace of mind as its aims .
瑜伽在美国
道格拉斯·多普勒
1瑜伽起源于古印度，是世界上最古老的哲学体系之一。一些学者估计，瑜伽至少有5,000年的历史；印度曾出土过3,000年前的表现瑜伽姿势的手工艺品。Yoga originated in ancient India and is one of the longest surviving philosophical systems in the world . Some scholars have estimated that yoga is as old as 5000 years ;artifacts detailing yoga postures have been found in India from over 3000 B.C.瑜伽师们认为，经过几千年的考验和完善，
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瑜伽已经发展成为一门养生的成熟科学。19世纪晚期，印度学者、瑜伽师斯瓦米·维韦卡南达在芝加哥做了一场关于冥想的演讲，从此瑜伽传人了美国。Yogis claim that it is a highly developed science of healthy living that has been tested and perfected for all these years . Yoga was first brought to America in the late 1800s when Swami Vivekananda ,an India teacher and yogi ,presented a lecture on meditation in Chicago. 慢慢地有人开始练习瑜伽，并在20世纪60年代东方哲学热盛行的时候形成了学习瑜伽的高潮。从此，瑜伽知识在美国传播开来，许多学徒专程前往印度学习，很多印度瑜伽师也来到美国教学，创办了大量瑜伽学校。Yoga slowly began gaining flowers ,and flourished during the 1960s when there was a surge of interest in Eastern philosophy . There has since been a vast exchange of yoga knowledge in America,with many students going to India to study and many Indian experts coming here to teach ,resulting in the establishment of a wide variety of schools .今天的美国，瑜伽已十分盛行，瑜伽教练和练习者随处可见。最近一项由《瑜伽月刊》委托洛普民调机构所做的调查显示，有1,100万的美国人至少会偶尔做一次瑜伽，另有600万的美国人会经常做瑜伽。Today yoga is thriving ,and it has become easy to find teachers and practitioners throughout American . A recent Roper poll ,commissioned by Yoga Journal ,found that 11 million Americans do yoga at least occasionally and six million
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perform it regularly .瑜伽已被广泛应用于身体治疗和专业运动队的日常训练，做瑜伽的好处也被电影明星和《财富》杂志世界500强企业的总裁们争相吹捧。Yoga stretches are used by physical therapists and professional sports teams ,and the benefits of yoga are being touted by movie stars and fortune 500 executives .许多医学名校已经研究并提出能够有效缓解疾病和压力的瑜伽术了。包括加州大学洛杉矶分校在内的一些医学院甚至还为内科医学专业的学生开设了瑜伽课程。Many prestigious schools of medicine have studied and introduced yoga techniques as proven therapies for illness and stress . Some medical schools like UCLA,even offer yoga classes as part of their physician training program .
2美国有许多不同的哈他(传统)瑜伽学派，其中影响最大的是艾扬格派和阿斯汤加派。艾扬格瑜伽的创立者是波·可·斯·艾扬格，他是世界上目前仍健在的最伟大的瑜伽改革者之一。艾扬格瑜伽十分注重姿势的精准，它采用新的方式和顺序练习传统瑜伽。 There are several different schools of hatha yoga in America ;the two most prevalent ones are Iyengar and Ashtanga yoga . Iyengar yoga was founded by B.K.S. Iyengar who is widely considered as one of the great living innovators of yoga . Iyengar yoga puts strict emphasis on form and alignment ,and uses traditional hatha yoga techniques in new manners and sequences .艾扬格瑜伽有助于身体治疗，因为它允许练习者使用瑜伽伸展带、
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瑜伽砖等辅助器材来减少做瑜伽动作的难度。阿斯汤加瑜伽有着更精准的要求，练习者要用舞蹈般流畅的动作来练习传统瑜伽，从而使身体发热，并通过出汗和深呼吸来净化自己的身体。 Iyengar yoga can be good for physical therapy because it allows the use of props like straps and blocks to make it easier for some people to get into the yoga posture . Ashtanga yoga can be a more vigorous routine ,using a flowing and dance-like sequence of hatha postures to generate body heat ,which purifies the body through sweating and deep breathing .
3做瑜伽没有场地的限制，一套瑜伽动作通常需要20分钟到两个小时或者更多的时间，而一个小时左右的时间则是一系列动作和冥想的最佳选择。Yoga routines can take anywhere from 20 minutes to two or more hours ,with one hour being a good time investment to perform a sequence of postures and a meditation .根据瑜伽师和学派的不同，一些瑜伽动作做起来辛苦异常，而另一些却只是在呼吸和心跳平稳的情况下调整和伸展肢体。 每天练习瑜伽会达到最好的效果，随着动作越来越熟练，你就可以加大强度和难度，这样瑜伽就能成为你相伴终生的日常锻炼方式了。Some yoga routines ,depending on the teacher and school ,can be as strenuous as the most difficult workout ,and some routines merely stretch and align the body while the breath and heart rate are kept slow and steady . Yoga achieve its best results when it is practiced as
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a daily discipline ,and yoga can be a life-long exercise routine ,offering deeper and more challenging positions as a practitioner becomes more adept . 练习基础的瑜伽动作即可收到增强力量，改善柔韧性并使人感到舒适的效果，但要想达到完美和高深的境界还是需要日积月累的练习，这也是瑜伽吸引人的地方之一。The basic positions can increase a person’s strength ,flexibility and sense of well-being almost immediately ,but it can take years to perfect and deepen them ,which is an appealing and stimulating aspect of yoga for many .
4能向瑜伽教练或身体治疗师学习瑜伽是最好不过了，但因为瑜伽入门并不难，所以也可以从大量的介绍瑜伽的正规书籍中自学它的基本动作。Yoga is usually best learned from a yoga teacher or physical therapist ,but yoga is simple enough that one can learn the basic from good books on the subject ,which are plentiful .瑜伽课的学费一般不贵，平均一堂课10美元，学员们在几节课内就能学会基础的瑜伽动作。许多地方的基督教青年会、大学和社区健康协会都开办有瑜伽入门学习班，而且通常只象征性地收取一点儿费用。如果是作为身体治疗项目的一部分，瑜伽费用还能算在医疗保险的范围之内。Yoga classes are generally inexpensive ,averaging around 10 dollars per class and students can learn basic postures in just a few classes . Many YMCAs,colleges and community health organizations offer beginning yoga classes as
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well ,often for nominal fees . If yoga is part of a physical therapy program ,it can be reimbursed by insurance .
5瑜伽还能带来和精心设计的练习一样的效果，使人增强体质、焕发活力，并帮助人们舒缓压力和久坐带来的疲劳。瑜伽的另一个优点是，除了地心引力外，它不需承担额外的阻力，这使它成为身体治疗方法的不二之选；特定的瑜伽动作能安全有效地增强人的力量，提高身体的平衡度。Yoga can also provide the same benefits as any well-designed exercise program,increasing general health and stamina,reducing stress ,and improving those conditions brought about by sedentary lifestyles .yoga has the added advantage of being a low-impact activity that uses only gravity as resistance,which makes it an excellent physical therapy routine;certain yoga postures can be safely used to strengthen and balance all parts of the body .
6研究表明，冥想能帮助人们缓解压力。哈佛心脏医学家赫伯特·班森在他划时代的著作《放松反应》里说道，冥想和呼吸技巧能使身体放松，达到与压力相反的效果，并使血压等一系列指标回落。从那以后，越来越多的研究都重申了冥想对减压和身体健康的积极影响。现在，美国医学协会已推荐把冥想疗法替代药物治疗用于治疗疑似高血压的第一步了。Meditation has been much studied and approved for its benefits in reducing stress-related conditions. The landmark book,The Relaxation Response ,by
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Harvard cardiologist Herbert Benson showed that meditation and breathing techniques for relaxation could have the opposite effect of stress,reducing blood pressure and other indicators. Since then ,much research has reiterated the benefits of meditation for stress reduction and general health . Currently ,the American Medical Association recommends meditation techniques as a first step before medication for borderline hypertension cases .
7现代心理学研究表明，即使细微的表情变化也会引起神经系统的自主改变；Modern psychology studies have shown that even slight facial expressions can cause changes in the involuntary nervous system ;
而瑜伽正是身体和心灵的绝妙结合——瑜伽练习的中心思想就是，身体的姿态将影响人的心情和自我意识，而人的精神又能塑造和治愈人的身体。Yoga utilizes the mind/body connection.that is yoga practice contains the central ideas that physical posture and alignment can influence a person’s mood and self-esteem and also that mind can be used to shape and heal the body.
瑜伽练习者认为，精神／体质的加强最终将为生活的各方面都带来好处。
Yoga practitioners claim that the strengthening of mind/body awareness can bring eventual improvements in all facets of a
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person’s life .
8虽然有些姿势并不适合所有人练习，但是任何年龄段的人在任何条件下都能练习瑜伽。Yoga can be performed by those of any age and condition ,although not all poses should be attempted by everyone .练瑜伽的准备工作也很简单；只需一块可以伸展肢体的平地、一块草垫或毛巾和一个足以抬起手臂的空间就可以展开练习了。Yoga is also a very accessible form of exercise ;all that needed is a flat floor surface large enough to stretch out on, a mat or towel ,and enough overhead space to fully raise the arms .对去不了体育馆、不喜欢其他体育运动和十分忙碌的人来说，瑜伽是一项再好不过的活动了。It is a good activity for those who can’t go to gyms ,who don’t like other forms of exercise ,or have very busy schedules .
练习时应穿着宽松舒适的服装并保持空腹，瑜伽师推荐饭后三小时以上为宜。Yoga should be done an empty stomach,and teachers recommend waiting three or more hours after meals.loose and comfortable closing should be worn.
9初学者在练习时应集中注意力，小心动作不要做得太过太快，以免受伤。一些高阶的瑜伽动作，如头倒立式和全莲花坐式，需要有很好的力量、柔韧性和日积月累的练习作准备，因此初学者应在瑜伽师的指导下做这些动作。
Beginners should exercise care and concentration when
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performing yoga posture,and not try to stretch too much too quickly,as injury could result.Some advanced yoga postures ,like the headstand and full lotus position ,can be difficult and require strength.flexibility ,and gradual preparation,so beginners should get help of a teacher before attempting them.
10瑜伽不是竞技体育；练瑜伽不需要和别人比，练瑜伽的目的是提高自己的觉悟和身心自律能力。Yoga is not a competitive sport;It does not matter how a person does in comparison with others ,but how aware and disciplined one becomes with one’s own body and limitations .做瑜伽必须保持姿势的正确，一旦感到疼痛、头晕或疲劳就必须停止。做瑜伽时，身体和精神一样重要，要注意集中精力去感受呼吸。Proper form and alignment should be maintained during a stretch or posture,and the stretch and posture should be stopped when there is pain,dizziness,or fatigue.The mental component of yoga is just as important as the physical postures .Concentration and awareness of breath should not be neglected .练习时必须心胸开阔、平和；当你伸展肢体做每一个瑜伽动作时，你就是在接受挑战去达到自己的极限。Yoga should be done with an open,gentle,and non-critical mind;when one stretches into a yoga position,It can be thought of as accepting and working on one’s limits.不耐烦、自责和与他人相比都不利于这一过程中自我认识的实现。Impatience,self-criticism and comparing
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oneself will not help in this process of self-knowledge . 当练习呼吸法(调息)和冥想法(禅定)时，最好由经验丰富的瑜伽师来指导，因为一旦练习不当，这些技巧性很强的动作会使人感到头晕不适。while performing the yoga of breathing and meditation,it is best to have an experienced teacher ,as these powerful techniques can cause dizziness and discomfort when done improperly.
11虽然瑜伽的发源地与现代美国文化迥异，但它却得到了认同，并很快地传播开来。许多世纪以来，瑜伽只是在极少信徒的言传身教中得以流传，而今它在美国快速普及，这使许多瑜伽师感到很惊异。Although yoga originated in a culture very different from modern America ,it has been accepted and its practice has spread relatively quickly . Many yogis are amazed at how rapidly yoga’s popularly has spread in America ,considering the legend that it was passed down secretly by handful of adherents for many centuries .
12也有一些人反对瑜伽，因为勤奋忙碌的美国人很难相信这项要他们放慢速度、集中精力进行深呼吸的运动会比举重或慢跑更有效。然而，越来越多的来自顶尖医学院的研究结果表明，瑜伽对全身健康和特殊病症都有好处，这也使越来越多的人接受这项健康的运动。There can still be found some resistance to yoga,for active and busy Americans sometimes find it hard to believe that an exercise program that requires them to show
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down,concentrate,and breathe deeply can be more effective than lifting weights or running.However,ongoing research in top medical schools is showing yoga’s effectiveness for overall health and specific problems,making it an increasingly,acceptable health practice.
Unit Seven
我对人类的了解越多，对他们的期望就越低。和以前相比，我现在常常以较宽松的标准把一个人叫做好人。
——塞缪尔·约翰逊博士
论人性
弗兰克，莉迪亚·汉默尔
1人性是性格、气质和性情的基础，性格正是基于这种牢不可破的基质之上的，它必须以这种基质的形式存在，并将它保留终生，这种基质，我们称之为一个人的本性。
2人类的本性不会也不能改变，只有一些表面特征才会变化、改善和进一步提升；我们可以改变人们的风格、举止、衣着和习惯。一项历史研究表明，曾经行走在地球上的古人们和今天的男男女女们受着同样的基本力量驱使，被同样的激情左右并有着同样的抱负，时至今日，对幸福的追求仍然是全世界人类全身心投入的事业。
3此外，没有人希望改变自己的本性，有人可能会觊觎总统或国王的职位，但不会和他们交换位置，除非那意味着他自己身份的继续。每个人都把自己看成是独特个体，而且，就他而言，他就是宇宙的中心，有别于其他任何人。如果有人把史密斯先生误认作琼斯先生，这人就该道歉。
4每个人都表现出一种与众不同的性格，而环境和教育对性格的影响都极其有限。两个人从相同的经历中也不会得出相同的结论，但是两个人会各自分析这些事件并将它们融合到自己丰富的生活模式中去。人性总是忠于它本身，而不受信仰或教育体制左右。一个人的个性和他独特的天性在出生时就已经形成了，而且不会改变。一个人与生俱来的品质，无论是否有机会发展，都保持为潜力。在遭受压力或兴趣变化的情况下，他们会部分或全部地消失相当一段时间，但是没有什么能永久地改变他们，也没有什么能把他们抹去。
5人性的恒定性是众所周知的，因为没有人相信一个人能够从根本上改变他的本性。这就是为什么一个恶名远扬的人很难重建公众对他的信心。人们凭经验知道某一年中表现出无赖性格的人不太可能在第二年有任何改观。小偷也不会变成值得信赖的员工。吝啬鬼也不可能变成慈善家。而且，一个人不会在五六十岁的时候变成谎话精、懦夫或叛徒，如果那时候他是，那么早在他性格形成的时候他就已经是了。大罪犯最初都是小罪犯，正如大橡树最初都是小橡果。
6尽管人类有完美的潜质，但事实上他远远没有达到完美。如果事实上他已经是完美的，那么那些神父、教师和人道主义者便会无事可做；那些教堂、学校、法庭和监狱便会无所用处。
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因此虽然人性是不可能改变的，但是人们可以研究它、控制它和引导它。而且这应该是我们的宗教机构、教育机构和社会机构的最高职能。
7人类在胚胎期是完美的，就好比一粒种子，在幼芽期是完美的一样。精神是完美的，但它栖居到人类肉体结构中后，便参与其中，表现出后者的不完美；在它与物质的联系过程中呈现出凡人的弱点、欲望和局限。但是精神，也就是人的内在，却仍能免遭邪恶的染指和玷污。只有外在的人——个性和躯体，由于无知、思想错误和违反自然规律而变得不完美。外在的人，原本也是完美的，但是由于人类如此的亵渎和滥用，今天，它已经与原型相去甚远。 8人们想当然地认为人类是伟大和高尚的，尽管他的过错和弱点不断地暴露在我们面前。只有当人类行为偏离常规时才会引起人们的注意。人们对好邻居、良民、慈父和贞夫视而不见，但杀人犯、抢劫犯或殴打妻子的人却成为公众瞩目的焦点。因为这些行为非同寻常。
9人类固有的优点还体现在不计其数的英雄主义行为、充满无私和牺牲精神的举动上，每天我们都会读到人们冒着生命危险挽救他人生命的事迹：有人跃入水中拯救溺水的泳者；有人冲进火场将陌生人带出险境；有人从死亡的车轮下救出孩子；许多人献出鲜血使他人生命得以延续。数不胜数的不知姓名、不被记载的人们，不仅在战场上，而且还在战争的大后方，为了他们的同胞献出了生命。
10人性不会也不能改变，它只展现它固有的模式。它有天性而且这种天性的规律是可知的。我们只能尽力去了解人类的真实面貌。
Unit Ten
普林斯顿大学校长在其任职演说中提到：与接受高等教育这项权利相伴的是各种义务。
危机时代，大学该扮演的角色
雪莉·M．泰夫曼 1、今天，由于长期以来美国人对教育价值的共识，大学在美国社会中占有得天独厚的地位。一位前任校长哈罗德·多兹1933年在就职演说中曾提到，“没有哪个国家像美国这样，不论对公立教育还是私立教育的投入都是如此地慷慨大方。美国人民对正规教育所能起到的作用抱有一种近乎天真的信念。”这一信念是在这样一个深信不疑的基础上确立的，即美国的活力、它富有创造性和多样化的文化生活、它具有惊人独创力的经济、它的国家安全以及它健全的民主制度——极大地依赖于其高等教育机构的质量。 2我国社会对高等教育机构的信心通过以下几点表现出来：联邦政府和州政府对基础研究和应用研究给予大量投资，这些投资明智地将对研究的支持与对研究生教育的支持结合起来；联邦政府和州政府对无力负担高等教育学费的学生给予资助；一些私人基金会和慈善机构给予投资，他们认为高等院校是达成其战略目标的最佳途径；一些个人和私人部门给予投资，他们认为高等院校是未来健康发展和富裕繁荣的孵化器。社会当然期望我们能有所作为以回报这种广泛的支持。社会期望我们产生新思想，开发新知识，以一种开放和共同协作的方式探索复杂的问题，培养未来一代公民和领导者。当处于困境的时候，我们不辜负这些期望就尤为重要。
3中世纪大学的形象是一座象牙塔，学者们远离社会进行孤独的沉思，不关心窗外之事——这一形象已被现代大学所取代——现代大学不是象牙构筑的，而是高度开放的机构，允许内外自由交流。高校是属于社会的，而不是游离于社会之外的。高校的理想，经由多少代人的铸造，旨在渗入国民意识之中。学者和教师必定要周旋于学院内外以寻觅运用他们的才能为公众服务的机会，寻觅能给我们带来启发和见识的创造性工作，寻觅把实验室的研究发现转化为实际应用的途径。我们的学生在从事社会活动时怀有一种强烈的公民责任意识，并且当他们毕业若干年后成为老校友时仍然会这样做。这些都是理所当然的。
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4探索新思想和新知识不是依靠也不应该依靠功利主义动机，而是依靠以新颖的和创造性的方式进行思考的能力。当诺贝尔奖获得者约翰·纳什在普林斯顿大学读研究生时推动了构成“非合作博弈论”基础的数学概念的发展时，他可能根本不会想到这些概念会在今天被用于分析选举策略、战争起因及预测人的行为表现等方面。当还是一名年轻科学家的分子生物学教授埃里克·维绍斯着手识别决定果蝇胚胎身体结构模式的基因时，他可能不知道他会识别出在推动对人类癌症的研究中起到关键性作用的基因。由此得知，我们无法准确地预测科学发现及学术成就将如何影响未来一代又一代的人们。同时，我们也得知，只在可预知的领域来挖掘知识是不明智的，因为新知识往往依赖于在未知领域准备好肥沃的土壤，在那些领域，好运气同深奥的智慧一样能开花结果。我们最珍视的组织原则之一——探索的自由，不仅仅从道德上说是必需的，而且它也是一个实际需要。
5就像我们有义务广泛寻求新知识一样，我们也有义务确保我们的学术研究能够被广泛地传播。只有这样，别人才能对其做出必要的修正，或将其发扬光大，或依据它来作出更好的决定，开发出更好的产品，或构建出更好的规划。在日后的岁月中，我希望我们国家的决策者根据留存于大学的知识来做决定，咨询能通过对过去的深刻理解而洞悉现在的历史学家们；咨询能提供明辨是非原则的哲学家们；咨询能以其洞察力使经济回归正轨的经济学家们；咨询知道如何建造更安全建筑的工程师们；咨询能分析我们容易招致未来袭击的软肋并能制订出弥补这些弱点的战略的科学家们；以及咨询能帮助我们弄清恐怖分子在我国及世界各地实施恐怖行动的动机的多个领域的学者们。 6现在，请允许我来阐述一下我们应对社会所尽的第三项义务：培育下一代的公民与领导者。普林斯顿大学所提倡的对大学文科教育的见解，我校第13任校长伍德罗。威尔逊曾作过精辟的表述，我在开学典礼上曾诵读过他的雄辩的语句：“在大学里我们应当努力传授的，与其说是知识本身还不如说是做学问的精神。它包括：辨别正确推理与错误推理的能力，消化与阐释论据的能力，广泛观察的习惯，对于持客观见解的偏好，执着于清晰有条理的思维过程，本能地热衷于阐释内涵而不拘泥于推论的字面意思，对知识的鉴赏力，对人类健全心智的无限尊重。”
7威尔逊及其继任者们拒绝这一狭隘的观念：即大学文科教育只限于为某种职业做准备。他们在了解职业教育重要性的同时，更清楚在普林斯顿首先应该培养学生的思考能力和洞察力，坚信这才最有益于社会健全发展。因此我们对以下两方面做了区分：对职业素质的培养有重要作用的信息获取和能够应用于任何职业的思维习惯的发展。所以，当古典文学家走进医学院、物理学家成为国会议员或历史学家执教小学的时候，我们便感到庆幸。如果我们作为教育家做好我们的工作，我们的每一个学生将从普林斯顿的教育中学会尊重和欣赏各种理念与价值、思维的开放与严谨、社交实践与公民责任感。在这困难重重的年代，我们将号召我们的学生和校友们在他们的职业中、在他们的团体和日常生活中实践这些品质。通过这样做，通过他们的领导力、洞察力和勇气，他们将帮助履行普林斯顿对社会的义务和实践我们的座右铭：“普林斯顿——为国家服务，为世界服务!”
课文原文1-7 Unit 1
The Hidden Side of Happiness
1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise,
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many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better.Their refrain might go something like this: \"I wish it hadn't happened, but I'm a better person for it.\"
1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。”
2 We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There seems to be a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. Positive responses to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest.In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently（最终） in some ways improved.
2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某些方面有了改善。
3 This and other promising findings about the life-changing effects of crises are the province of the new science of post-traumatic growth. This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once passed as bromide: What doesn't kill you can actually make you stronger. Post-traumatic stress is far from the only possible outcome. In the wake of even the most terrifying experiences, only a small proportion of adults become chronically troubled. More commonly, people rebound-or even eventually thrive.
3诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。在遭遇了即使
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最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来—甚至最终会成功发达。
4 Those who weather adversity well are living proof of the paradoxes of happiness.We need more than pleasure to live the best possible life. Our contemporary quest for happiness has shriveled to a hunt for bliss-a life protected from bad feelings,free from pain and confusion.
4那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证:为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气:一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。
5 This anodyne definition of well-being leaves out the better half of the story, the rich, full joy that comes from a meaningful life. It is the dark matter of happiness,the ineffable quality we admire in wise men and women and aspire to cultivate in our own lives. It turns out that some of the people who have suffered the most, who have been forced to contend with shocks they never anticipated and to rethink the meaning of their lives, may have the most to tell us about that profound and intensely fulfilling journey that philosophers used to call the search for \"the good life\".
5这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面—种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质—是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人-他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义—或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历(哲学家们过去称之为对“美好生活”的探寻)最有发言权。
6 This broader definition of good living blends deep satisfaction and a profound connection to others through empathy. 这种对美好生活的更为广泛的定义把深深的满足感和一种通过移情与他人建立的深切联系融合在一起。It is dominated by happy feelings but seasoned also with nostalgia and regret. 它主要受愉悦情感的支配，但同时也夹杂着惆怅和悔恨。\"Happiness is only one among many values in human life,\" contends Laura King, a psychologist at the University of Missouri in
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Columbia. 密苏里大学哥伦比亚分校的心理学家劳拉?金认为:“幸福仅仅是许许多多人生价值中的一种。”Compassion, wisdom, altruism, insight, creativity-sometimes only the trials of adversity can foster these qualities, because sometimes only drastic situations can force us to take on the painful process of change. 慈悲、智慧、无私、洞察力及创造力—有时只有经历逆境的考验才能培育这些品质，因为有时只有极端的情形才能迫使我们去承受痛苦的改变过程。To live a full human life, a tranquil, carefree existence is not enough. We also need to grow-and sometimes growing hurts.只过安宁的、无忧无虑的生活是不足以体验一段完整的人生的。(此文来自袁勇兵博客)我们也需要成长-尽管有时成长是痛苦的。
7 In a dark room in Queens, New York, 31-year-old fashion designer Tracy Cyr believed she was dying. 在纽约市皇后区一间漆黑的房间里，31岁的时装设计师特蕾西?塞尔感到自己奄奄一息。A few months before, she had stopped taking the powerful immune-suppressing drugs that kept her arthritis in check.就在几个月前，她已经停止服用控制她关节炎的强效免疫抑制药。She never anticipated what would happen: a withdrawal reactions that eventually left her in total body agony and neurological meltdown. 她从没预见到接下来将要发生的事:停药之后的反应最终使她全身剧烈疼痛，神经系统出现严重问题。The slightest movement-trying to swallow, fqr example-was excruciating. Even the pressure of her cheek on the pillow was almost unbearable.最轻微的动作—比如说试着吞咽—对她来说也痛苦不堪。甚至将脸压在枕头上也几乎难以忍受。
8 Cyr is no wimp塞尔并不是懦弱的人。-diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis at the age of two, she had endured the symptoms and the treatments (drugs, surgery) her whole life. 她在两岁时就被诊断得了幼年型类风湿性关节炎，一生都在忍?受着病症和治疗(药物、手术)的折磨。But this time,she was way6 past her limits, and nothing her doctors did seemed to help. Either the disease was going to kill her or, pretty soon, she felt she might have to kill herself.但是这一次，她实在不堪忍受了，她的医生所做的一切似乎都不起作用。要么让疾病结束她的生命，要么她就得很快了结自己的生命了。
9 As her sleepless nights wore on, though, her suicidal thoughts began to be
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interrupted by new feelings of gratitude. 然而，在经历了若干个不眠之夜后，她想自杀的念头开始被新的感激之情所打断。She was still in agony, but a new consciousness grew stronger each night: an awesome sense of liberation, combined with an all-encompassing feeling of sympathy and compassion. 虽然她仍然感到痛苦，但一种新的意识每一夜都变得更加强烈:一种令人惊叹的解脱感，结合着一种包容一切的同情和怜悯的情感。\"I felt stripped of everything I'd ever identified myself with,\" she said six months later. \"Everything I thought I'd known or believed in was useless-time, money, self-image, perception. Recognizing that was so freeing.\"“我感到一切我曾经用来认同自己身份的东西都被剥夺了，”六个月后她这样说道，“一切我认为我知道或相信的事物—时间、金钱、自我形象、对事物的看法—都毫无价值了。意识到这一点真是让我感到解脱。”
10 Within a few months, she began to be able to move more freely, thanks to a cocktail of steroids and other drugs. 在几个月内，得益于类固醇加其他药物的鸡尾酒疗法，她开始能够更加自如地活动了。她说，毫无疑问她现在的生活状况有了好转。She says now there's no question that her life is better. \"l felt I had been shown the secret of life and why we're here: to be happy and to nurture other life. It's that simple.\"“我感觉我窥探到了生命的秘密以及我们生存的意义，那就是快乐地生活，同时扶持他人。就这么简单!”
11 Her mind-blowing experience came as a total surprise.她这种不可思议的经历完全是个惊喜。But that feeling of transformation is in some ways typical, says Rich Tedeschi, a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte who coined the term \"post-traumatic growth\". 但是北卡罗来纳大学夏洛特分校心理学教授里奇特德斯基认为，这种转变的感觉从某些方面看却是很典型的。里奇特德斯基教授首创了“创伤后成长”一词。His studies of people who have endured extreme events, like combat, violent crime or sudden serious illness show that most feel dazed and anxious in the immediate aftermath; 他对那些经历了诸如搏斗、暴力犯罪、突患重病等极端事件的人群进行了研究，这些研究表明，在刚经历不幸后大多数人随即都会感到茫然和焦虑。they are preoccupied with the idea that their lives have been shattered. 他们一心想的就是，自己的生活完全被毁了A few are haunted long afterward by memory problems, sleep trouble and similar
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symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder 有少部分人事后很久了还不断被记忆问题、失眠以及类似的创伤后应激障碍所折磨。But Tedeschi and others have found that for many people-perhaps even the majority-life ultimately becomes richer and more Gratifying.但特德斯基和其他学者发现，对很多人(可能甚至是绝大多数人)来说，生活最终会变得更加丰富和更加令人满足。
Something similar happens to many people who experience a terrifying physical threat. 许多经历过恐怖的人身威胁的人会遇到类似的情况。In that moment, our sense of invulnerability is pierced, and the self-protective mental armor that normally stands between us and our perceptions of the world is torn away. 在事情发生的那一瞬间，我们的安全感被冲破了，平时处于我们与我们对世界的种种看法之间的自我保护的精神盔甲被剥离了。Our everyday life scripts-our habits, self-perceptions and assumptions-go out the window, and we are left with a raw experience of the world.我们的日常生活轨迹(我们的习惯、自我认识和主观意念)全部被抛到九霄云外，只剩下对世界的原始体验。
13 Still, actually implementing these changes, as well as fully coming to terms with a new reality, usually takes conscious effort. 尽管如此，要实际实现这些转变并完全接受新的现实，通常需要有意识地付出努力。Being willing and able to take on this process is one of the major differences between those who grow through adversity and those who are destroyed by it. 是否愿意并有能力承担这个过程，就是那些在灾难中成长和那些被灾难所摧毁的人之间主要的区别之一。The people who find value in adversity aren't the toughest or the most rational. 认为灾难有价值的人并不是最坚强或最理性的人。What makes them different is that they are able to incorporate what happened into the story of their own life.使他们与众不同的是他们能够将所遭遇的事融入他们自己的人生历程中。”
14 Eventually, they may find themselves freed in ways they never imagined.最终，他们可能会发现自己以从未想到过的方式获得了解脱。Survivors say they have become more tolerant and forgiving of others, capable of bringing peace to formerly troubled relationships. 幸存者往往说他们变得更加宽容，也更能原谅别人，能够缓和原本糟糕的关系。They say that material ambitions suddenly seem silly and the pleasures of friends and family paramount-and that the crisis allowed them to
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recognize life in line with their new priorities.他们说物质追求突然间变得很无聊，而朋友和家庭带来的快乐变得极为重要，他们还说危机使他们能够按照这些新的优先之事来重新认识生活。
15 People who have grown from adversity often feel much less fear, despite the frightening things they've been through. 从灾难中成长起来的人尽管经历过恐怖的事情，但他们的恐惧感往往大为减少。They are surprised by their own strength, confident that they can handle whatever else life throws at them. 他们对自己的力量感到吃惊，相信不管今后生活中将要遭遇什么，他们都能应付。\"People don't say that what they went through was wonderful,\" says Tedeschi. \"They weren't meaning to grow from it. 特德斯基说:“人们不会说他们所经历的是美好的。他们并不是特意要通过这样的经历来成长。They were just trying to survive. But in retrospect, what they gained was more than they ever anticipated.\"他们只是尽其所能生存下来。但回顾起来，他们的收获远远大于他们所预料的。
16 In his recent book Satisfaction, Emory University psychiatrist Gregory Berns points to extreme endurance athletes who push themselves to their physical limits for days at a time. 埃默里大学精神病学家格列高利?伯思斯在他的近作《满足》中指出，极限耐力运动员每次训练都要使自己的身体连续数天处于极限状态。They cycle through the same sequence of sensations as do trauma survivors: self-loss, confusion and, finally, a new sense of mastery. 他们和经历创伤的幸存者所经历的感觉过程一样:自我失落，困惑，最后获得一种新的驾驭感。For ultramarathoners, who regularly run 100-mile races that last more than 24 hours, vomiting and hallucinating are normal. 对于经常跑超过24小时的l00英里比赛的超级马拉松运动员来说，呕吐和产生幻觉是常事。After a day and night of running without stopping or sleeping, competitors sometimes forget who they are and what they are doing.16在一昼夜不停歇不睡觉地跑步之后，竞赛者有时会忘了自己是谁，忘了自己在干什么。
17 For a more common example of growth through adversity, look to one of life's biggest challenges: parenting. 更普遍的在逆境中成长的例子要数生命中最大的挑战之一:为人父母。Having a baby has been shown to decrease levels of
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happiness. 生育孩子一直被认为会降低幸福程度。The sleep deprivation and the necessity of putting aside personal pleasure in order to care for an infant mean that people with newborns are more likely to be depressed and find their marriage on the rocks.为了照顾婴儿而睡眠不足并且必须将自己的消遣撇到一边，意味着有了新生儿的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面临婚姻的危机。 Nonetheless, over the long haul, raising a child is one of the most rewarding and meaningful of all human undertakings. 然而，长远看来，养育孩子是所有人类活动中最有意义、最值得去做的一件事情。The short-term sacrifice of happiness is outweighed by other benefits, like fulfillment, altruism and the chance to leave a meaningful Legacy.短时间内牺牲了幸福，却有了更多的收获，比如满足感、无私以及有机会留下一笔意义深远的遗产。
18 Ultimately, the emotional reward can compensate for the pain and difficulty of adversity. 总之，情感上的回报可以弥补灾难带来的痛苦和艰难。This perspective does not cancel out what happened, but it puts it all in a different context: that it's possible to live an extraordinary rewarding life even within the constraints and struggles we face. 这种精神收获并不能抵消所发生的苦难，但是它可以把这些苦难全部放在另一个不同的背景中来看待，那就是即使我们面临约束和挣扎，我们仍然可以生存得极有价值。In some form or other, says King, we all must go through this realization. \"You're not going to be the person you thought you were, but here's who you are going to be instead-and that turns out to be a pretty great life.\"金指出，我们所有的人都必须以这样或那样的形式经历这种觉悟。“你将不再是自己心目中曾经的你，取而代之的是一个新的你—而事实会证明生活从此将非常美好。”
Unit4
Is Google Making Us Stupid
1.Over the past few years I've had an uncomfortable sense that someone, or something,has been tinkering with my brain, remapping the neural circuitry, reprograming the memory. 在过去的几年里，我老有一种不祥之感，觉得有什么人，或什么东西，一直在我脑袋里捣鼓不停，重绘我的脑电图，重写我的脑内存。My mind isn't going—so far as I can tell—but it's changing. I'm not thinking the way
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I used to think.我的思想倒没跑掉—到目前为止我还能这么说，但它正在改变。我的思维方式在变。 I can feel it most strongly when I’m reading. 这种感觉在我阅读的时候尤为强烈。Immersing myself in a book or a lengthy article used to be easy. My mind would get caught up in the narrative or the turns of the argument, and I’d spend hours strolling through long stretches of prose. 过去总是不费劲就能让自己沉浸在一本书或一篇长文章中，被其中的叙述或不同的论点深深吸引。我还会花数小时徜徉在长篇散文中。That's rarely the case anymore. 可如今这都不灵了。Now my concentration often starts to drift after two or three pages.现在，我翻上两三页书，注意力就开始不集中了。I get fidgety, lose the thread, begin looking for something else to do. 我会变得烦躁，抓不住重点，开始想找点其他的事情做。I feel as if I'm always dragging my wayward brain back to the text. 我感觉我似乎要硬拖着我任性的大脑才能回到文章中。The deep reading that used to come naturally has become a struggle. 原本轻松自然的深度阅读，已成了痛苦挣扎。
2.I think I know what's going on. 我想我知道到底是怎么一回事了。For more than a decade now, I've been spending a lot of time online, searching and surfing and sometimes adding to the great databases of the Internet. 十多年来，我在网上花了好多时间，在因特网的信息汪洋中冲浪、搜寻、添加。The Web has been a godsend to me as a writer. 对作家而言，网络就像个天上掉下来的聚宝盆。Research that once required days in the stacks or periodical rooms of libraries can now be done in minutes. 过去要在书堆里或图书馆的期刊阅览室中花上好几天做的研究，现在几分钟就齐活。A few Google searches, some quick clicks on hyperlinks, and I've got the telltale fact or pithy quote I was after. “谷歌”几下，快速点开几个链接，就可以找到我所需要的事实或者精炼的引证。Even when I'm not working, I'm as likely as not to be foraging in the Web's info-thickets2-reading and writing emails, scanning headlines and blog posts, watching videos and listening to podcasts, or just tripping from link to link to link. 即使在工作之余，我也很有可能在信息丰富的网络里遨游—收发电子邮件、浏览头条新闻、点击博客、看视频、听播客或者只是从一个链接跳转到一个又一个链接。(Unlike footnotes, to which they're sometimes likened, hyperlinks don't merely point to related works; they propel you toward
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them.)(超链接常被比作脚注，但是和脚注不一样，超链接不仅仅链接到相关作品;它们还驱使你去点击创门。)
3.For me, as for others , the Net is becoming a universa一medium, the conduit for most of the information that flows through my eyes and ears and into my mind. 对我来说，像对其他人也一样，网络已经成为了一种通用的媒介，大部分信息都通过这个渠道进人我们的眼、耳，最后进人我们的大脑。The advantages of having immediate access to such an incredibly rich store of information are many, and they've been widely described and duly applauded. 能从这样一个异常丰富的信息库中直接获取信息，其优点是很多的，而且也得到了广泛的描述和适当的赞誉。\"The perfect recall of silicon memory,\" Wired's0 Clive Thompson has written, \"can be an enormous boon to thinking.\" But that boon comes at a price. “硅存储器的完美记忆性，”《连线》杂志的克莱夫?汤普森写道，“对于思想来说是一个大实惠。”但是这个实惠是要付出代价的。As the media theorist Marshall McLuhan pointed out in the 1960s, media are not just passive channels of information. (此文来自袁勇兵博客)就像媒体理论家马歇尔麦克卢恩在上世纪60年代所指出的那样，媒体可不只是被动的信息渠道。They supply the stuff of thought, but they also shape the process of thought.它们不但提供了思想的源泉，也塑造了思想的进程。 And what the Net seems to be doing is chipping away at my capacity for concentration and contemplation. 网络似乎粉碎了我专注与沉思的能力。My mind now expects to take in information the way the Net distributes it: in a swiftly moving stream of particles.现如今，我的脑袋就盼着以网络提供信息的方式来获取信息:飞快的微粒运动。Once I was a scuba diver in the sea of words. Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet Ski.曾经我是文字海洋中的潜水者，现在我则像是摩托艇骑手在海面上风驰电掣。
4.I’m not the only one.我并不是唯一一个有此感觉的人。When I mention my troubles with reading to friends and acquaintances-literary types, most of them-many say they're having similar experiences. 当我向文学界的朋友和熟人提到我在阅读方面的困扰，许多人说他们也有同样的感受。The more they use the Web, the more they have to fight to stay focused on long pieces of writing. 他们上网越多，在阅读
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长文章时，就越难集中精力。Some of the bloggers I follow have also begun mentioning the phenomenon. 我所关注的一些博主也提到了类似的现象。Scott Karp, who writes a blog about online media, recently confessed that he has stopped reading books altogether. 斯科特?卡普开了一个有关在线媒体的博客，最近他承认自己已经完全不读书了。\"I was a lit major in college, and used to be a voracious book reader,\" he wrote. “我大学读的是文学专业，曾经是一个嗜书如命的人，”他写道。\"What happened?\" He speculates on the answer: \"What if I do all my reading on the web not so much because the way I read has changed, i.e. I'm just seeking convenience, but because the way I think has changed?\"“到底发生了什么事呢?”他推测出了一个答案:“如果对我来说，通过网络来阅读的真正理由与其说是我的阅读方式发生了改变，比如，我只是图个方便，不如说是我的思维方式在发生变化，那么我该怎么办呢?”
5.Bruce Friedman, who blogs regularly about the use of computers in medicine, also has described how the Internet has altered his mental habits.布鲁斯?弗里德曼经常撰写有关电脑在医学领域应用的文章。他在早些时候同样提到因特网如何改变了他的思维习惯。\"I now have almost totally lost the ability to read and absorb a longish article on the web or in print,\" “稍长些的文章，不管是网上的还是已经出版的，我现在几乎已经完全丧失了阅读它们的能力。”he wrote earlier this year. A pathologist who has long been on the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School, Friedman elaborated on his comment in a telephone conversation with me.His thinking, he said, has taken on a \"staccato\" quality, reflecting the way he quickly scans short passages of text from many sources online. 在密歇根大学医学院长期任教的病理学家布鲁斯，弗里德曼在电话里详细告诉我，由于上网快速浏览文章的习惯，他的思维呈现出一种“碎读”特性。 \"I can't read War and Peace anymore,\"he admitted \"I've lost the ability to do that. Even a blog post of more than three or four paragraph is too much to absorb. I skim it.\"“我再也读不了《战争与和平》了。”弗里德曼承认，“我失去了这个本事。即便是一篇长达三四段的博客也难以消化。我只能略微浏览一下。”
6.Anecdotes alone don't prove much. 仅仅是趣闻轶事还不能证明什么。And we still await the long-term neurological and psychological experiments that will
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provide a definitive picture of how the Internet use affects cognition. 我们仍在等待长期的神经学和心理学的实验，这将给因特网如何影响到我们的认识一个权威的定论。But a recently published study of online research habits, conducted by scholars from University College London, suggests that we may well be in the midst of a sea change in the way we read and think. 伦敦大学学院的学者做了一个网络研读习惯的研究并发表了研究结果。该研究指出，我们可能已经彻底置身于阅读与思考方式的巨变之中了。As part of the five-year research program, the scholars examined computer logs' documenting the behavior of visitors to two popular research sites, one operated by the British Library and one by a UK educational consortium, that provide access to journal articles, e-books, and other sources of written information. 作为五年研究计划的一部分，学者们检测了计算机日志，它跟踪记录了两个流行的搜索网站的用户行为。其中一个网站是英国图书馆的，另一个是英国教育社团的，他们提供了期刊论文、电子书以及其他一些文献资源。They found that people using the sites exhibited \"a form of skimming activity\and rarely returning to any source they'd already visited. 他们发现，人们上网时呈现出“一种浮光掠影般的形式”，总是从一个资源跳到另一个资源，并且很少返回他们之前访问过的资源。They typically read no more than one or two pages of an article or book before they would \"bounce\" out to another site. 他们常常还没读完一两页文章或书籍，就“弹”出来转到另一个网页去了。Sometimes they'd save a long article, but there's no evidence that they ever went back and actually read it. 有时候他们会保存一个篇幅长的文章，但没有任何证据表明他们曾经返回去认真阅读。
7.Thanks to the ubiquity of text on the Internet, not to mention the popularity of text-messaging on cell phones, we may well be reading more today than we did in the 1970s or 1980s, when television was our medium of choice. 多亏铺天盖地的网络文本，更别说当下时兴的手机短信，可供我们阅读的东西很可能比上世纪七八十年代要多了，那时，我们选择的媒体还是电视。But it's a different kind of reading, and behind it lies a different kind of thinking-perhaps even a new sense of the self.'但是，这已是另一种阅读模式，背后隐藏的是另一种思考方式—也许甚至是一种全新的自我意识。 \"We are not only what we read,\" says Maryanne Wolf, a developmental psychologist at Tufts University and the author of Proust and the Squid: The Story and
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Science of the Reading Brain, \"We are how we read.\" “不仅阅读的内容塑造了我们，”塔夫茨大学的发展心理学家、《普鲁斯特与鱿鱼:阅读思维的科学与故事》的作者玛丽安娜?沃尔夫说，“阅读方式也体现了我们自身。”Wolf worries that the style of reading promoted by the Net, a style that puts \"efficiency\" and \"immediacy\" above all else, may be weakening our capacity for the kind of deep reading that emerged when an earlier technology, the printing press, made long and complex works of prose commonplace.沃尔夫担忧，网络所倡导的将“丰富”与“时效性”置于首位的阅读方式可能已经削弱了那种深度阅读能力。深度阅读能力的形成应归功于早期印刷术的发明，有了它，长而复杂的散文作品也相当普遍了。When we read online, she says, we tend to become \"mere decoders of information\". 然而，她说，当我们在线阅读时，我们往往只是一“信息解码器”而已。Our ability to interpret text, to make the rich mental connections that form when we read deeply and without distraction, remains largely disengaged.我们对文句的设释，心无旁鹜、深度阅读时形成的丰富的精神联系，这些能力很大程度上已经消失了。
8.Reading, explains Wolf, is not an instinctive skill for human beings. It's not etched into our genes the way speech is. 沃尔夫认为，阅读并非人类与生俱来的技巧，它不像说话那样融人了我们的基因。We have to teach our minds how to translate the symbolic characters we see into the language we understand. 我们得训练自己的大脑，让它学会如何将我们所看到的字符译解成自己可以理解的语言。And the media or other technologies we use in learning and practicing the craft of reading play an important part in shaping the neural circuits inside our brains. 而媒体或其他我们用于学习和练习阅读的技术在塑造我们大脑的神经电路中扮演着重要角色。Experiments demonstrate that readers of ideograms, such as the Chinese, develop a mental circuitry for reading that is very different from the circuitry found in those of us whose written language employs an alphabet.实验表明，表意字读者(如中国人)为阅读所创建的神经电路和我们这些用字母语言的人有很大的区别。 The variations extend across many regions of the brain, including those that govern such essential cognitive functions as memory and the interpretation of visual and auditory stimuli. 这种变化延伸到大脑的多个区域，包括那些支配诸如记忆、视
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觉设释和听觉刺激这样的关键认知功能的部位。We can expect as well that the circuits woven by our use of the Net will be different from those woven by our reading of books and other printed Works.我们可以预料，使用网络阅读形成的思维，一定也和通过阅读书籍及其他印刷品形成的思维不一样。
9.Sometime in 1882, Friedrich Nietzsche bought a typewriter.1882年，弗里德里希?尼采买了台打字机。 His vision was failing, and keeping his eyes focused on a page had become exhausting and painful, often bringing on crushing headaches. 此时的他，视力下降得厉害，长时间盯着一张纸会令他感觉疲惫、疼痛，还常常引起剧烈的头痛。He had been forced to curtail his writing, and he feared that he would soon have to give it up. 他只得被迫缩减他的写作时间，并担心自己今后恐怕不得不放弃写作了。The typewriter rescued him, at least for a time. 但打字机救了他，起码一度挽救过他。Once he had mastered touch-typing, he was able to write with his eyes closed, using only the tips of his fingers. 他终于熟能生巧，闭着眼睛只用手指尖也能打字—盲打Words could once again flow from his mind to the page.。心中的词句又得以倾泻于纸页之上了。
10But the machine had a subtler effect on his work.然而，新机器也使其作品的风格发生了微妙的变化。 One of Nietzsche's friends, a composer,noticed a change in the style of his writing. 尼采的一个作曲家朋友注意到他行文风格的改变。His already terse prose had become even tighter, more telegraphic. 他那已经十分简练的行文变得更紧凑、‘更电文式了。\"Perhaps you will through this instrument even ntake to a new idiom,\" the friend wrote in a letter, noting that, in his own work, his \"`thoughts' in music and language often depend on the quality of pen and paper.\"“或许就因为这个仪器，你甚至可能会喜欢上一个新短语，”这位朋友在一封信中提到，在他自己的作品中，他“在音乐和语言方面的‘思想’常常要依赖于笔和纸的质量”。
Unit7
the poetry of architecture
1 The science of Architecture, followed out to its full extent, is one of the noblest of those which have reference only to the creations of human minds. 建筑科学，如果
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得以充分体现的话，是只与人类心智创造有关的科学中最高贵的科学之一。It is not merely a science of the rule and compass, it does not consist only in the observation of just rule or of fair proportion;它不仅仅是尺子与圆规的科学，不仅仅需要遵守恰当的规则或合适的比例；it is , or ought to be, a science of feeling more than of rule, a ministry to the mind,more than the eye.它是或者应该是，一门重感情胜过于规则的科学，它更多的是服务于心灵，而非眼睛。If we consider how much less the beauty and majesty of a building depend upon its pleasing certain prejudices of eye, than upon its rousing certain trains of meditation in the mind, it will show in a moment how many intricate question of feeling are involved in the raising of an edifice; 如果我们明白，一座建筑的美和雄伟，很大程度上取决于它能引发心灵的一系列沉思，而非来自于它能满足视觉上的某种偏爱，我们很快就会发现，一座建筑的兴建会涉及多少错综复杂的情感问题。it will convince us of the truth of proposition, which might at first have appeared startling, that no man can be an architect who is not a metaphysician.我们会因此而相信一个乍然一听不无惊人的论点，那就是，一个人如果不是玄学家，就无法成为建筑师。
2 To the illustration of the department of this noble science which may be designated The Poetry of Architecture, this and some future articles will be dedicated. 对这一高尚科学进行说明的文本及今后要写的一些文章都将收入进我暂命名为《建筑之诗意》一书中。It is this peculiarity of the art which constitutes its nationality;正是这一艺术特性构成了它的民族性。And it will be found as interesting as it is useful, to trace in the distinctive characters of the architecture of nations, not only its adaptation to the situation and climate in which it has arisen, but its strong similarity to, and connection with, the prevailing turn of mind by which the nation who first employed it is distinguished.建筑不仅与其周围的环境和气候相适应，也与率先采用这种风格的民族的主流性情极其相似，密切关联，这些都可以从各民族的建筑特征中得以追溯，我们会发现，这种追溯既有益，亦有趣。
3 I consider the task I have imposed upon myself the more necessary, because this department of the science, perhaps regarded by some who have no ideas beyond stone and mortar as chimerical, and by others who think nothing necessary but truth
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and proportion as useless, is at a miserably low ebb in England.在我看来，赋予自己这项任务显得尤为重要，因为这门科学在英国正处于可悲的低谷之中：在那些只知石头和砂浆的人看来，它是虚妄幻想；在那些满脑袋只有事实和比例的人看来，它毫无用处。And what is the consequence?那么结果是什么呢？We have Corinthian columns placed beside pilasters of no order at all, surmounted by monstrosified pepper-boxes, Gothic in form and Grecian in detail, in a building nominally and peculiarly “National”; 我们看到科林斯式的柱子竖立在杂乱无章的壁柱旁边，上面是怪异的胡椒罐式的塔顶，形式上是哥特式的，细节上是希腊式的，这种建筑美其名曰别具“民族特色”；we have Swiss cottages, falsely and calumniously so entitled, dropped in the brick-fields round the metropolis; and we have staring square-windowed, flat-roofed gentlemen’s seat, of the lath and plaster, mock-magnificent, Regent’t park description, rising on the woody promontories of Derwent Water.我们看到所谓的“瑞士小屋”散落在周围的一片砖砌的房子中实在是糟践
了这一名称；我们看到那些平顶、有着显眼的方窗，用条板和石灰建造而成的乡绅别墅，它们仿照摄政王公园的样式，冒充宏伟的气势，耸立在德文特湖林木丛生的岬角上。
4 How deeply is it to be regretted, how much is it to be wondered at, 多么令人惋惜，多么令人惊异啊。that, in a country whose school of painting, though degraded by its system of meretricious coloring, and disgraced by hosts of would-be imitators of inimitable individuals, is yet raised by the distinguished talent of those individuals to a place of well-deserved honor, and the studios of whose sculptors are filled with designs of the most pure simplicity, and most perfect animation;the school of architecture should be so miserably debased!
在这个国家，绘画学派虽然受到华而不实的着色方法的损害，并因成群试图东施效颦的模仿者而蒙羞，但在那些天分超群的画家的带动下，绘画享受着当之无愧的荣耀，雕塑家的工作室里随处可见最朴素却最栩栩如生的设计。而建筑界竟会堕落到如此悲惨的境地！
5 There are, however, many reasons for a fact so lamentable.不过，现实之所以令人惋惜，原因是多方面的。In the first place, the patrons of architecture (I am speaking of all classes of buildings, from the lowest to the highest) are a more
45
numerous and less capable class than those of painting„首先，建筑（我指的是所有等级的建筑，从最低等级到最高等级）的出资人，相比于绘画的赞助者来说，人数更庞大，能力却相形见绌。There, the power is generally diffused.在建筑领域，权利总体上是分散的。Every citizen may box himself up in as barbarous a tenement as suits his taste or inclination;每个公民可以按照自己的品味或爱好，住进粗鄙的公寓楼里。The architect is his vassal, and must permit him not only to criticize, but to perpetrate.建筑师是他的仆从，不仅必须听任他批评，还得容忍他胡作非为。The palace or the nobleman’s seat may be raised in good taste, and become the admiration of a nation; but the influence of their owner is terminated by the boundary of his estate: he has no command over the adjacent scenery,宫殿或贵族的宅邸也许能建出好品味，可以成为举国欣赏的对象，但这些建筑的主人的影响力到了地产的边界便中断了：他无法控制周边的景观。And the possessor of every 30 acres around him has him at his mercy.他住宅周围的人，只要拥有30英亩土地，就能对他随意摆布。The streets of our cities are examples of the effects of this clashing of different tastes; and they are either remarkable for the utter absence of all attempt at embellishment, or disgraced by every variety of abomination„我们的城市街道就体现了不同品位相互冲突的结果：他们或是因为毫无装饰之企图而引人注目，或是因为布满各种面目可憎的建筑而有失脸面。。。。。。
6 I shall attempt, therefore, to endeavor to illustrate the principle from the neglect of which these abuses have arisen; 因此，我要尽力尝试对建筑原则进行阐释。正是由于漠视了原则，才会产生这些恶果。That of unity of feeling, the basis of all grace, the essence of all beauty. 建筑的原则是感情的统一，这是所有优雅的基础、所有美得本质。We shall consider the architecture of nations as it is influenced by their feelings and manners, as it is connected with the scenery in which it is found, and with the skies under which it was erected（建造）;当我们考察民族建筑时，应该考虑到它受到了人类情感和风俗的影响，它关乎周围的景致，关乎其下的那片天空。We shall be led as much to the street and the cottage as to the temple and the tower;我们不仅应该考察殿堂与高塔，也要考察街道和村舍。And shall be more interested in buildings raised by feeling, than in those corrected by rule.我们应该将
46
兴趣更多的投向用感情搭建而成的建筑，而不是用规则制定出来的建筑。We shall commence with the lower class of edifices, proceeding from the roadside to the village, and from the village to the city;我们应该着手从建筑的低级层次开始，从路边到村庄，再从村庄到城市； and, if we succeed in directing the attention of a single individual more directly to this most interesting department of the science of architecture, we shall not have written in vain.如果我们能够成功地进行引导，哪怕只有一个人为此更加直接的注意到建筑学中这最为有趣的领域，我们就没有白费笔墨。
Unit8
我们都知道，大自然对人类来讲至关重要。人类依靠大自然生存，人类生存所需要的新鲜空气、水、能菜都来自于自然界;工业需要的燃料、原材杆同样取自于自然界。不仅如，人类也是大自然的一部分，是大自然中的高级动物。所以，如果我们鼓坏自然，在一定程度上也会削弱我们自己。
Thinking Like a Mountain 像大山一样思考 ——奥尔多?利奥波德
1
A deep chesty bawl echoes from rimrock to rimrock, rolls down the
mountain, and fades into the far blackness of the night. It is an outburst of wild defiant sorrow, and of contempt for all the adversities of the world. 一个发自肺腑的低沉而又尖厉的号叫在悬崖之间回荡，最后划过大山，消逝在远方深沉的夜色中。这声号叫爆发出一种充满野性和反抗的哀愁，爆发出对世界上一切逆境的蔑视。
2Every living thing (and perhaps many a dead one as well) pays heed to that call.大山中所有的生物(可能也包括许多死去的生物)都侧耳倾听着这声号叫。To the deer it is a reminder of the way of all flesh, to the pine a forecast of
midnight scuffles and of blood upon the snow, to the coyote a promise of gleanings to come, to the cowman a threat of red ink at the bank, to the hunter a challenge of fang against bullet.对鹿而言，它提醒了众生之道，意味着死亡近在咫尺; 对松树而言，它预见了午夜的混战和雪上的血迹；对郊狼而言，它意味着有残肉可食的许诺；对牧牛者而言，它意味着银行透支的威胁；对猎人而言，它意味着撩牙对子弹的挑战。
Yet behind these obvious and immediate hopes and fears there lies a deeper meaning, known only to the mountain itself. Only the mountain has lived long enough to listen objectively to the howl of a wolf. 然而，在这些比较容易察觉的希望与恐惧的背后，
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号叫还隐藏着更深层的含义，但是只有大山自己才能领会。因为只有大山才有沧海桑田的岁月与见识，能够客观地聆听狼的号叫所隐藏的深意。
3Those unable to decipher the hidden meaning know nevertheless that it is there, for it is felt in all wolf country, and distinguishes that country from all other land. 而那些无法领会其中深意的，也能感觉到它的存在，而且在所有的狼出没的地方都能感受得到。这种异样的感觉也使那些地区与其他地区区别开。It tingles in the spine of all who hear wolves by night, or who scan their tracks by day.所有在夜晚听到狼号或是白天看到狼的踪迹的人，都会不自觉地背部发毛，脊部发冷Even without sight or sound of wolf, it is implicit in a hundred small events: 即使没有听到狼号或是看到狼迹，也可以从许多异样的情景中感知一二。the midnight whinny of a pack horse, the rattle of rolling rocks, the bound of a
fleeing deer, the way shadows lie under the spruces. 比如说一只驮马半夜的嘶叫、石头刺耳的滚动声、逃亡之鹿奔跑的慌张以及云杉树下诡异的阴影等。Only the ineducable tyro can fail to sense the presence or absence of wolves, or the My own conviction on this score dates frfact that mountains have a secret opinion about them. 只有那些不堪造就的新手才无法感知狼的存在，也无法理解只有大山才能体会的那种深奥。
4 My own conviction on this score dates from the day I saw a wolf die. 我对上面
的说法深信不疑，是源自于我曾亲眼看到一只狼死去。We were eating lunch on a high rimrock, at the foot of which a turbulent river elbowed its way. 那日，我们正在一个高高的悬崖上吃午餐，悬崖脚下有一条汹涌澎
湃
的
河
流
。
We saw what we thought was a doe fording the torrent, her breast awash in white water.我们看到了雌兔在急流中挣扎跋涉，胸部浸在白色的水花中。
When she climbed the bank toward us and shook out her tail, we realized our error: it was a wolf. 我们原以为是只鹿，但等它朝我们的方向爬上岸，抖落身上的河水时，我们才发现原来它是只狼。
A half-dozen others, evidently grown pups, sprang from the willows and all joined in a welcoming melee of wagging tails and playful maulings. 这时，六只显然已经长大的狼息欢快地摇着尾巴，相互打斗嬉闹着从柳树丛中跳跃出来，以示它们的欢迎。
48
What was literally a pile of wolves writhed and tumbled in the center of an open flat at the foot of our rimrock. 的的确确，在我们所处的山崖脚下的空地上，我们看到一群狼在那里翻滚打闹。
5In those days we had never heard of passing up a chance to kill a wolf. 在那段日
子
里
，
没
有
人
会
错
过
射
杀
狼
的
机
会
。
In a second we were pumping lead into the pack, but with more excitement than
accuracy: how to aim a steep downhill shot is always confusing. 很快，一发发子弹射入狼群。但是由于我们太兴奋了，再加上我们都不知道怎样才能瞄准向陡峭的山下射击，所以我们的枪法都不是很准。When our rifles were empty, the old wolf was down, and a pup was dragging a leg into impassable slide-rocks. 结果在我们的子弹消耗殆尽时，只有那只老狼倒下了，还有一只小狼拖着受伤的腿躲进了山崩造成的人们无法通行的岩石堆。
6We reached the old wolf in time to watch a fierce green fire dying in her eyes.我们接近那只狼的时候，它眼中那绿色的充满仇恨的目光还没有完全消逝。 I realized then, and have known ever since, that there was something new to me in those eyes - something known only to her and to the mountain. 正是在那时，并且从那时起，我意识到了，在那双眼睛里，有我未曾领会的道理—某种只有狼和大山
才
知
晓
的
道
理
。
I was young then, and full of trigger-itch; I thought that because fewer wolves meant more deer, that no wolves would mean hunters' paradise.但是当时我太年轻气盛，总有扣动扳机的冲动。我认为狼群的减少就意味着鹿群的增加。 而狼群的消失则意
味
着
猎
人
天
堂
的
到
来
。
But after seeing the green fire die, I sensed that neither the wolf nor the mountain agreed with such a view.但是自从我看到那只老狼眼中渐渐消逝的仇恨的绿光时，我才意识到，无论是狼还是大山，肯定不会认同我这样一种看法。
7Since then I have lived to see state after state extirpate its wolves.自那以后，我看到各
州
都
在
相
继
扑
灭
自
己
的
狼
群。 I have watched the face of many a newly wolfless mountain, 我眼睁睁看到了一座
座
刚
刚
扑
灭
狼
群
的
大
山
的
面
貌;and seen the south-facing slopes wrinkle with a maze of new deer trails. 看到了山
49
的南坡被鹿群踩出的纷乱的小
径;I have seen every edible bush and seedling browsed, first to anaemic desuetude, and then to death. 看到了所有能吃的灌木、甚至是细枝嫩芽都被啃光，而这些植物因
而
也
很
快
衰
弱
不
振
，
不
久
便
告
死
亡;I have seen every edible tree defoliated to the height of a saddle horn. 我也看到了所有能吃的树叶，在马鞍高度以下的部位全都被吃得精光Such a mountain looks as if someone had given God a new pruning shears, and forbidden Him all other exercise.看到这样的一座山，你会感觉是有人给了上帝一把剪刀，让他整夭除了剪除树木以外，什么都不许做。 In the end the starved bones of the hoped-for deer herd, dead of its own too-much, bleach with the bones of the dead sage, or molder under the high-lined junipers. 。后来，鹿群由于数量过于庞大，再加上草木供不应求，便大批量地饿死了。它们的白骨与死去的鼠尾草一起变白，或是在高大的杜松树下腐朽。
8I now suspect that just as a deer herd lives in mortal fear of its wolves, so does a mountain live in mortal fear of its deer. 现在我想，就像鹿群生活在狼群的阴影和恐怖中一样，大山也生活在鹿群的阴影和恐怖中。And perhaps with better cause, for while a buck pulled down by wolves can be replaced in two or three years, a range pulled down by too many deer may fail of replacement in as many decades. 也许这种恐怖有着更充分的理由，因为一只鹿被狼吃掉，两三年后很快就会有新的小鹿出生繁衍，但是，一旦一座大山被鹿群毁灭，恐怕几十年也无法恢复原貌。
9So also with cows. The cowman who cleans his range of wolves does not realize
that he is taking over the wolf's job of trimming the herd to fit the range.牛也是这样，
牧牛人在清除狼群的时候，没有意识到其实他正在做着本质上如同狼吃牛一样的工作—削
减
牛群数量以适应山的承受能力。
He has not learned to think like a mountain. Hence we have dust
bowls, and rivers washing the future into the sea. 牧牛人还没有学会像大山那样去思考。
其结果，沙尘暴出现了，河流将我们的未来无情地冲入大海。
10We all strive for safety, prosperity, comfort, long life, and dullness. 我们都在努力追求安全、繁荣、舒适、长寿和徽散的生活。
The deer strives with his supple legs, the cowman with trap and poison, the statesman
50
with pen, the most of us with machines, votes, and dollars, 鹿用它柔韧的双腿去追求;牧牛人用陷阱和毒药去追求;政治家用笔伐去追求;大多数人则是用机器、选票和金钱去追求。but it all comes to the same thing: peace in our time. 但不管形式如何迥异，目的只有一个，那就是追求时代的和平。
A measure of success in this is all well enough, and perhaps is a requisite to objective thinking, but too much safety seems to yield only danger in the long run. 在这些方面取得某种程度的成功是件好事，客观地说也是必要的，但是从长远来看，太多的安全似乎只能适得其反。
Perhaps this is behind Thoreau's dictum: In wildness is the salvation of the world. 也许这正验证了梭罗的一句断言，“野地里蕴含着对于世界的救赎”。Perhaps this is the hidden meaning in the howl of the wolf, long known among mountains, but seldom perceived among men.也许，这就是隐藏在狼的哀号背后的深层含义。大山早已明白，而人类却知之甚少。
Unit10
文化有点类似于把一片消食片丢进一个玻璃杯里~一川;无法看见，但因为它，总会有事情发生。
我们几乎都听说过这样一个销售案例:美国通用汽车公司试图在拉丁美洲销售他们的Nova车型，结果发现在西班牙语中，“no va”的字面意思是“它走不了”。当然，同样有名的还有另外一个案例:可口可乐第一次登陆中国市场时，这种软饮料的名字被译成“蛾蚌啃蜡”。
但是市场营销中的文化意识却远远不只是小心谨慎的翻译而已。每一种文化都有它的微妙和特别之处，同时还有一些直白的忌讳。虽然大多数人都无法详尽地罗列出他们自己文化中的条条框框，但他们却肯定知道什么时候人们违背了他们的文化传统。对我们来说，自己所属的文化往往是看不见的，但是，当我们身处异地时，我们碰到的文化差异却令我们感到古怪、有趣或奇特。因此，要辨明另一国家不成文的规定到底有多么困难呢?
看来，去目标市场进行调查仍然是不二之选了。当你身处异国他乡时，你就肯定会留意到审美观的差异。在那里，到底哪些味道或颜色更容易吸引购买者?你觉得很难吃的东西或很艳俗的装饰品对当地人来说就完全是另一回事。主人可能会问客人一些看似不礼貌的间题，如“你多大啦?”或“你赚多少钱啊?”饮食、日程表、交通、个人便利等等都不能想当然。即便是购买最普通的物品，你也可以讨价还价。你没弄清楚所有的硬币，你也不懂任何人名字的含意。总之，一切都与在国内时不一样。
到目标市场走走也是吸收当今文化的黄金时机。任何与你平时生活模式有所不同的细节都能透露出当地居民的行为方式。但同样要记住的是，在培养和发展与客户或联系人的社会关系时，学会另一文化的规范行为举止虽然很重要，但这并不足以助你做一个全面的营销策划。最简单的文化差异也能搁浅最宏伟的计划。
例如，在将其洗涤剂引入日本市场之前，一家大型的家用产品公司花了数百万美金进行了市场营销活动。尽管如此，当他们的洗涤剂在日本上市时，销量却客客无几。事实上，几
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乎没有商店储备这种肥皂。是非关税贸易壁垒的缘故吗?不是，真正的原因要简单得多。典型的美国式经济大包装对于空间狭小的日本零售店来说俨然是“庞然大物”。而且，日本的家庭主妇一般没有车，她们步行到商店，然后买了商品拎回家—个很小的处所。
不同的文化因素—不仅包括宗教、迷信、家庭结构、饮食、语言和当地的历史，还延伸到对待事物的各种观念如政府、工作、权威、年龄、环境、时空和男女关系—都会影响人们的购买行为。最后，一种文化里的幽默感是很难界定的，而且这种幽默通常难以通过另一种文化领会或设释。除了具体的人口统计数据之外，很难清楚地界定或确定这些观念;而且，即使是带上文化烙印的根深蒂固的各种观念也确确实实在改变. 目标语很容易确定，但切忌笼统概括。在西班牙使用的西班牙语与在拉丁美洲使用的西班牙语并不完全一样。我们都听说过在汉语里大约有10,000种口语方言，而且我们也都意识到新加坡、其他一些国家和地区还在使用繁体汉字。但在中国大陆地区，繁体字已经基本上被简化字取代了。自从香港回归以来，这一趋势也扩展到了香港特别行政区。在大陆，大多数40岁以下的中国人已经不会读繁体字了。
如果你能够把迷信和语言结合起来，你就能增强效果。在中国和日本，数字4与“死”谐音。因此，公司名字或联系信息里的数字4会有一种负面的含义。然而，数字8却被看作是一个幸运数字，于是有很多的产品名称都叫88或888。有数字8的电话号码代表着好运。地址里含有数字8的房产很可能会卖得更快，特别是当价格的尾数是\"888”的时候。这些数字迷信相当普遍，以致于在1988年8月8日(8/8/88)，香港的医院挤满了临产的孕妇，有的要求人工引产，有的甚至要求剖腹产。这样，他们的小孩就可以有幸运的生日了。而且，1988年也是农历中大吉大利的龙年。
在美国，我们习惯于在竞技场上角逐，比较自身、公司和产品。但是，在欧盟和大多数亚洲国家，广告里是不接受、也不允许有比较行为的。如果宜称某种软饮料要比其他的软饮料口感更佳，或者某一种品牌的汽车比其他汽车更可靠，这可能会招人反感(甚至会被诉诸法律)。欧盟的宣传活动，吹捧自己产品的优点或许是可行的，但却不能采用产品比较的策略，尽管这种方法在美国是司空见惯的。某些地方的市民往往会比那些鲁莽行事的美国人要谦卑低调得多。在很多文化里，公司都会比较注重长期发展和公司信誉。 如果你正在策划视觉广告，那么你就有必要考虑非言语行为的地方差异，如手势、眼神交流、私人空间以及男女关系。数年前，有一部电影在中国上映，这部电影里出现了中国电影史上第一次接吻的镜头。当接吻镜头出现时，电影院里惊叹声一片。考虑到丰富的文化因素，公众之吻的较高冲击值可能会对你的广告产生截然相反的功效。妄加推断一个泛亚洲市场或一位拉丁美洲或欧洲客户都有可能会酿成大错。在邻国文化里，并不见得一定会有共同的购买喜好;同样，美国消费者和墨西哥消费者的购物偏好也不尽相同。而且，国界也不一定总能区分消费行为，因为地区特色也一样会很明显。
文化的方方面面都可能会如投石入水，泛起涟漪。饮食习惯不仅会影响食品公司，也会影响经营日用品、厨具、储藏器皿、餐具、包装公司，以及获得经营权的餐饮、服务店。在有些亚洲地区不要用“快乐的绿巨人”，因为在当地文化里，男人戴绿帽子就表示他妻子对他不忠。
要是能够聘请到一位了解当地文化的人充当目标市场文化顾问，那肯定再好不过了。预算不够，就去咨询跨境商会以获取有效的帮助。但是，在启动一项营销活动之前，可以先到市场上测试一下，这种测试通常在目标国家或地区具有代表性的大城市进行。一般来说，城市居民见多识广，他们的观念也兼容并包;同时，他们的收人往往是最高的，更具随意购买消费品的能力。
在类似这样的一次测试里，一家美国行李箱制造商发现文化同样会影响思维和感知。这家公司在中东地区策划了一则全新的广告—他们的行李箱乘坐在一块神奇的飞毯上。阿拉伯
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地区绝大多数的重点访谈人群则认为他们看到的是一则“Samsonite”牌的地毯广告。
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