The diagram shows us the water treatment cycle which illustrates how water that has been used in households is treated so that it can be used in our homes once again. After the used, dirty water is taken from our sinks, baths and toilets, it enters the sewage system. The sewers lead to large tanks in sewage plants. It is here that the water is separated from any solid waste. The solid waste is subsequently collected and used in the production of fertilizer. Bacteria are used to remove any remaining organisms from the water that has been separated from the solid waste.
After this, some of the water is discharged into rivers or into the sea, whilst the remainder goes to a purification plant. At this plant, it is mixed together with extra water pumped from a reservoir.
After purification, the water flows into the water mains and is piped to households where it can be used again domestically. (158 words)
The water cycle tells/shows us water which falls to the ground as precipitation returns to the atmosphere before falling again. Some of the water that falls to the ground runs off the surface of the land into lakes and rivers. From there, the majority flows into the sea. Some of the water that falls as precipitation percolates into the ground below the water table, becoming ground water flow. This then also flows into lakes and rivers or goes into the sea. The heat of the sun causes some water to evaporate off the surface of the sea and off the surface of lakes. More water leaves vegetation and enters the air through a process called transpiration. The resulting water vapour in the air forms clouds. When there is too much water vapour in the air, this water vapour is deposited as precipitation, usually in the form of rain. This usually happens when the air cools and condensation is created.
(159 words)
The diagram shows us how chocolate products are produced from cocoa beans. First the beans are cleaned and roasted. Then they are broken and the shells are removed. Next they are made into a chocolate liquor using a process called milling. The chocolate liquor is then processed further in two different ways, depending on what the final product is to be.
If the final product is to be cocoa powder of cocoa butter, the liquor goes through alkalisation and fat pressing. The latter produces press cake and cocoa butter. Press cake is broken, ground and sifted into cocoa powder whilst cocoa butter is added to chocolate liquor to make chocolate.
If the final product is to be chocolate, the chocolate liquor is mixed with milk, sugar, flavouring and cocoa butter produced from fat pressing. The ingredients are mixed and refined before
tempering, or cooling, takes place. Afterwards, the chocolate might goes to moulding, where it is shaped into bars of chocolate, for example. Alternatively, it might go to enrobing, where it is used to cover other ingredients as part of chocolate-coated products.
(181 words)
The diagram suggests a six-stage plan for preparing academic essays. The first stage is a tutorial during which the student discusses the topic and the task with his/her tutor. The students can also use this meeting to get a reading list of useful books, articles and other resources. The second stage involves doing research by going to the library or finding information online. The student should take notes from these sources. The next stage is to organise the content of the essay and to write a first draft, which is then checked. The fourth stage can either be a second tutorial or a group discussion with other students. The aims of this stage are to analyse the first draft and get ideas and feedback. The fifth stage involves
preparing and writing a second draft. This includes re-reading source materials and including suggestions from the previous stage. The final stage of writing the essay is to write a final draft, check it for errors (e.g. spelling), and add a bibliography and title page. (172 words)
Life cycle of the silk worm
The first diagram illustrates the life cycle of the silkworm and the second shows how silk cloth is produced.
Regarding the life cycle of the silkworm, the adult silkworm moths lay eggs on mulberry leaves.
After 10 days, the silkworm larvae hatch and use the mulberry leaves as a source of food for 4 to6 weeks. After this time, the larvae spin cocoons out of silk thread, a process that takes between3 and 8 days. Then, after 16 days developing inside the cocoon, fully developed silkworm moths hatch from the cocoons and the life cycle begins again.
The production of silk cloth begins with the selection of suitable cocoons. These are boiled in water. Thereafter, the cocoons are unwound - each cocoon producing 300 to 900 meters of thread. Afterwards, the thread can be either twisted together or woven and then dyed.
Therefore, the life cycle of the silkworm can be interrupted at the cocoon stage to facilitate the production of silk cloth. (164 words)
The flow chart illustrates the system by which English examination papers for reading, listening and writing are marked at a university.
The system for marking the reading and listening papers is exactly the same. The papers are collected and then marked by an administrator. The results are then collated. For the writing papers, the system is somewhat more complex. Once the papers have been collected, they are marked by an examiner. Afterwards, the marks awarded are sent to an administrator and the writing answer papers are sent to another examiner to be checked. If the marks given by both examiners agree, the results are stored. If not, the papers are reassessed. Finally, all the marks for the reading, listening and writing papers are put on certificates, which are then sent to the candidates.
To summarise, the reading and listening papers are marked differently - in a simpler
manner – to the writing papers.
(151 words)
The diagram illustrates how material is used to generate electricity.
First of all, the material is pulverised and then burnt in a furnace. This heats water from the cooling towers and produces steam. The steam proceeds to the turbine whilst other material goes to a precipitator and from there is released into the atmosphere via a smoke stack.
In the meantime, steam generated by the heating of water reaches the turbine, which is connected to a generator. The steam turns the turbine, causing the generator to generate electricity, which is then transmitted to a transformer substation and then travels along power
lines to wherever it is to be used.
Once the steam has passed the turbine, it enters the cooling towers where it becomes water as it cools down. This water is then pumped back to be heated by the fire in the furnace, meaning that little or no water is lost in the process.
(154 words)
The diagram illustrates for us how unsold magazines from retailers are recycled.
First of all, retailers return any unsold magazines that they have to a magazine distribution warehouse. There, magazines for recycling are shredded and baled and sent to a processing plant. At this processing plant, magazines collected in other ways are also brought into the recycling process. The processing plant also sorts, de-inks and cleans the paper brought for recycling. The paper is then processed into recycled paper pulp and mixed with virgin paper pulp to produce magazine quality paper. Once the paper pulp has been made into paper, it is purchased by printers
and used for producing fresh magazines. The printer then sends the magazines to a distribution warehouse. There, the magazines are bundled and shipped to retailers. The retailers then sell the magazines and any unsold ones are returned to the distribution warehouse, beginning the process once more.
(151 words)
The map shows London and its surrounding area, particularly motorways and the location of airports in the area, as well as the possible site of a new airport. London is surrounded by the M25 motorway, which is intersected at various points by other motorways, several of which lead to airports.
The closest airport to the centre of London is City Airport, which lies 10km east of the centre, near the River Thames. Heathrow airport lies just inside the M25 on the western edge of London, 24km from the centre of the city. The M4 motorway leads directly to it and two others, the M3 and
the M40, meet the M25 nearby. Gatwick Airport is 43km to the south of the centre of London and the M23 leads directly to it from the M25. North of London, there are two airports - Lutonand Stanstead. They lie 48km and 54km from the centre of London respectively. The Ml leads to Luton Airport and the M11 leads to Stanstead. Both these motorways intersect the M25. To the east of London, there is Southend Airport, which is 48km from the centre, and the proposed Cliffe Airport, which is 38km from the centre. Neither of these places has a motorway nearby.
(206 words)
The map shows the town of Garlsdon and how it is divided into the town centre, industrial zones (in the far north and far south of the town) and residential zones (surrounding the town centre). It also shows us where Garlsdon is in relation to three neighbouring towns. Hindon is 12km to the north-west and has 10,000 people. Bransdon is 16km to the south-west and has 15,000
people, whilst Cransdon is 25km to the south-east and has a population of 29,000. The map also shows us the main roads to those towns and the railway running from the north-west to the south-east through the centre of Garlsdon. In addition, it tells us the two possible locations for a new supermarket.
The first possible site for the new supermarket is in the countryside to the north-west of the town, between the railway and the main road leading to Hindon. The second proposed location is in the town centre. Though this central site is also near to the railway, the centre is a no traffic zone, meaning that none of the main roads from the three neighbouring towns to Garlsdon can transport people directly to it.
(193 words)
The two diagrams illustrate how Hogwards Grammar School was in 2004, when it had
600students and how it was redeveloped by 2010 to increase capacity t0 1000 students.
In 2004, the school consisted of a sports field, with a car park to the east (connected to a main road) and the school building to the west, connected to the sports field by a footpath. There development saw two more school buildings added. School Building lies to the
north-west of the sports field and north of the original school building (now renamed School Building 3) whilst the new School Building 2 is situated just north of the sports field and north-east of the original school building. The three school buildings are connected by footpaths, but the footpath from the original school building to the sports field has been removed. A new car park has been placed to the west of School Buildings l and 3 and, like the original car park, is connected to a main road.
To summarise, Hogwards Grammar School has increased its capacity by 400 students constructed two new school buildings and a new car park to facilitate this expansion.
(195 words)
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