Reading and Thinking 词汇知识·自主学习
Ⅰ. 根据语境写出正确的单词
1. a famous astronaut 一位著名的宇航员 2. the selection procedure
选择过程
身心训练
3. mental and physical training 4. an intelligent answer
一个聪明的回答
宇宙的秘密
5. the secrets of the universe 6. escape Earth’s gravity
摆脱地球的引力
制造载人的交通工具
7. make vehicles to carry people 8. determine to be a explorer 9. the Sputnik satellite
决定做一个探索者
“旅伴一号”卫星 发射卫星
10. launch the satellite 11. orbit around Earth
绕地球运转
美国宇航局太空总署
12. America’s NASA space agency 13. transmit data
传输数据
14. the desire to explore the universe 15. Shenzhou 5 spacecraft
探索宇宙的欲望
神舟五号飞船
中国首次太空行走
16. the first Chinese spacewalk 17. operate independently 18. signal one step further
独立运作 标志着更进一步
Ⅱ. 根据语境用恰当的介、副词填空
1. They make vehicles to carry brave people into space to find out the secrets of the universe.
2. The USSR focused on sending people into space.
3. People believe in the importance of carrying on space exploration. 4. There are lots of astronauts from different countries on board.
5. Mankind is exploring the space in the hope of finding out more about the universe.
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6. It can lead to an accident that kills everyone on the large aircraft. 7. After many experiments, they succeeded in making rockets.
8. People will always continue to explore the universe so as to learn its secrets. Ⅲ. 翻译下列课文原句, 并观察黑体部分
1. Looking up at the stars, people have always wanted to learn more about space, and scientists work hard to find answers.
仰望星空, 人们总是想要更多地了解太空, 科学家们也在努力寻找答案。
2. Before the mid-20th century, most people felt travelling into space was an impossible dream.
在20世纪中期以前, 大多数人认为进入太空旅行是一个不可能实现的梦想。
3. More recently, China has sent Chang’e 4 to explore the surface of the far side of the moon to make measurements and observations.
最近, 中国发射了“嫦娥四号”探测器, 探测月球背面, 进行测量和观测。
根据给出的构词规则写出下列单词 1. -al常用于名词之后构成形容词 universe n. →universal adj. 宇宙的
agriculture n. →agricultural adj. 农业的 globe n. →global adj. 全球的 2. -ly常用于形容词之后构成副词
independent adj. → independently adv. 独立地 honest adj. →honestly adv. 诚实地 careful adj. → carefully adv. 细心地
阅读精析·合作学习
Task 1 框架宏观建构: 整体理解
1. Skim the passage and fill in the blanks
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2. What is the text type of the passage? A. Narration(记叙文).
B. Argumentative Essay(议论文). C. Expository Writing (说明文). D. Practical Writing (应用文). 答案: C
3. What’s the main idea of this passage?
The passage mainly describes that going into space has become a reality. Despite many disasters, it has not stopped people from exploring space. It also tells China’s rapid development in space and a bright future for space exploration. 【寻技巧·提能力】
1. 如何找出段落大意? 遇到有重点句的段落, 可以删除句子中不重要的部分或者找出句子中重要的部分, 两者虽然意思相同, 但有时删去不重要的, 比直接找重要的容易; 没有重点句的段落, 便要概括。概括段意的难度比找重点句困难。找出各段段落大意后, 排列在一起, 删除重复部分, 优化文句, 就是中心思想。 2. 归纳主题句的要求是什么?
(1)确切。即能准确、恰当地找出文章所反映的思想感情。
(2)完整。即用恰如其分的句子把作者在文章中所反映的主要思想感情不遗漏地表达出来。 (3)简洁。即在确切、完整的前提下, 用最简明扼要的文字来表达。 3. 不同的体裁如何归纳大意?
(1)记叙文: 找出全文的主要事件是什么, 通过事件看作者要表明什么思想感情; 也可以从分析人物入手, 找出人物的性格思想特点, 看作者要表明什么样的思想感情。
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(2)说明文: 从说明的对象、被说明的事物的特点及说明的目的入手。 (3)议论文: 从标题、中心论点入手。
总之, 归纳文章的中心思想要从全文着眼, 深入理解全文的主要内容, 全面分析内部联系, 把握全文实质, 就能归纳出文章的中心思想。 Task 2 文本微观剖析: 细节探究 1. Choose the best answer.
(1)Which satellite was launched by the USSR in 1957? A. Shenzhou 5. B. The Sputnik 1. C. Voyager 1.
D. The USSR’s Soyuz 11.
(2)Who was the first person in the world to go into space? A. Yang Liwei.
B. Neil Armstrong.
D. Liu Yang.
C. Yuri Gagarin.
(3)Who was the first man to orbit Earth in Shenzhou 5 spacecraft? A. Yang Liwei. C. Fei Junlong.
B. Zhai Zhigang.
D. Jing Haipeng.
(4)In which satellites all the astronauts died during their missions? A. The USSR’s Soyuz 11 and America’s Challenger. B. Chang’e 4 and Jade Rabbit. C. Challenger and Voyager 1. D. Shenzhou 5 and Shenzhou 6.
(5)What’s the attitude to the space exploration according to the author? A. Supportive. C. Objective. 答案: (1)～(5)BCAAA
2. Reread the passage and fill in the blanks.
People have always wanted to learn more about space. Before the mid-20th century, most people felt (1)travelling (travel) into space was an impossible dream. However, (2)with the help of scientists, people succeeded in realizing their dream (3)to explore (explore) space. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik 1 satellite (4)was launched (launch) by the USSR. (5)Although/Though scientists try to make sure nothing goes
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B. Neutral.
D. Negative.
wrong, accidents can still happen. These disasters made everyone
(6)disappointed(disappoint), but people still believe in the importance of (7) carrying(carry) on space exploration. In 2003, China became the third country to (8)independently (independent) send humans into space. Then Shenzhou 6 and 7 completed (9)a second manned orbit and the first Chinese spacewalk. In spite of the difficulties, scientists hope future (10)discoveries (discovery) will not only enable us to understand how the universe began, but also help us survive well into the future. 3. Long sentence analysis.
(1)They(主语) also really wish (谓语)to discover other planets (宾语)(that are suitable enough to support life)(定语从句). 译文: 他们也非常希望发现其他适合生命存在的行星。
(2)[After many experiments](状语), they (主语)succeeded(谓语) in making rockets (宾语)(that could escape Earth’s gravity)(定语从句).
译文: 经过多次实验, 他们成功地制造出了可以脱离地球引力的火箭。
(3)China(主语) became(系动词) the third country(表语) in the world (to independently send humans into space in 2003)(动词不定式作定语), [when Yang Liwei successfully orbited Earth in the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft](when引导时间状语从句).
译文: 中国在2003年当杨利伟在神舟五号成功绕地球时成为世界上第三个独立将人类送入太空的国家。
(4)[Despite the difficulties](状语), scientists(主语) hope (谓语)future discoveries will not only enable us to understand how the universe began, but also help us survive well into the future(宾语从句).
译文: 尽管困难重重, 科学家们希望未来的发现不仅能让我们了解宇宙是如何开始的, 而且还能帮助我们在未来更好地生存。 Task 3 阅读思维升华: 主题实践
1. What do you think of the space exploration? (Critical Thinking批判性思维) I think it is of great benefit for us. Through further study of space, people will make full use of it in the future.
2. If you are determined to be an astronaut, what should you prepare at present? (Creative Thinking创造性思维)
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First of all, I should study hard to get a related college degree. Besides, I must keep mental and physical health.
3. Why is China’s space industry developing so fast? (Critical Thinking批判性思维)
Because of China’s rapid economic development and the strengthening of scientific research exchanges, as well as the efforts of the vast number of scientific research workers.
要点精研·探究学习
1. determined adj. 有决心的; 意志坚定的 *However, some scientists were determined to help humans realise their dream to explore space.
然而, 一些科学家决心帮助人类实现探索太空的梦想。
*Determined to look after his parents well, he moved to live with them. 下决心好好照顾父母, 他搬去和他们住在一起。
*No matter what happens, she has determined to tell the truth. 无论发生什么事, 她都已经决定把真相说出来。
*I have determined on being an astronaut after graduation. 我已决定毕业后成为一名宇航员。
(1)be determined to do sth. 决心做某事 (2)determine
vt. 决定; 确定; 下定决心
determine to do sth. 决定做某事 determine on/upon (doing) sth. 决定……
determine that . . . 决定…… (3)determination
n. 决心; 决定
【易混辨析】determine、decide、resolve与settle (1)determine 指经过深思熟虑后决心去做某事并坚持施行。 *No matter what you determine to do, I would side with you. 不管你决定做什么, 我都会支持你。 - 6 -
(2)decide侧重指经过思考、比较、讨论或询问之后做出的决定。 *Whatever we decide to do in the school must be good for the students first. 我们在学校里决定要做的任何事情, 都要首先有益于学生。 (3)resolve 语气较强, 强调以坚定不移的信念去做或不做某事, 暗含有远大抱负和坚定决心。 *Let us resolve to do all we can to contribute to a safer environment for journalists and a freer society for all. 让我们竭尽所能, 为记者营造一个更安全的环境, 让所有人拥有一个更自由的社会。 (4)settle指排除犹豫、怀疑和争论之后做出的明确的最终结论。 *We haven’t settled how to get there. 我们还没有决定如何到达那里。
(1)语法填空。
①His determined (determine) look suggested that he wouldn’t change his mind. ②Determined (determine) to train his daughter in English, he found an English teacher for his daughter.
③It takes hard work and determination (determine)to reach the goals that we want to achieve.
(2)Sandra determined to(决定) become a doctor and her persistence paid off. (3)She is determined to /has determined to(决心) keep a journal. 2. disappointed adj. 失望的; 沮丧的 *He was disappointed that other guests were not coming. 其他客人没有来, 他感到失望。
*I’m really disappointed with/in you, Tom. 我对你很失望, 汤姆。
*I was disappointed at not finding her at home. 我发现她不在家, 感到很失望。
*After his attempt, Campbell was disappointed to learn that his average speed had been 299 miles per hour. 坎贝尔做出了努力, 但是非常失望地得知他的平均时速是299英
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里。
(1)be disappointed that. . . 对……感到失望 be disappointed at/by sth. be disappointed in/with sb. be disappointed to do sth.
(2)disappoint (3)disappointment
对某事感到失望
对某人失望
因做……而感到失望
vt. 使失望 n. 失望; 沮丧
令某人失望的是
to one’s disappointment (4)disappointing
adj. 令人失望的; 令人扫兴的
Man alone is born crying, lives complaining, and dies disappointed. 只有人, 生下时啼哭, 活着时抱怨, 去世时失望。 【知识延伸】 (1)现在分词作形容词时通常具有主动关系, 多形容客观事物体现在外的性质, 其修饰对象往往是物, 其意思是: 令人……的。 (2)过去分词作形容词时往往具有被动关系, 多形容人或物的情绪或感受, 其意思是: 感到……。 Thank you for sharing this inspiring story with us. 感谢您与我们分享这个令人鼓舞的故事。 After a conversation with him one would feel inspired and warm at heart. 经过与他的一番交谈, 人们能感受到发自心底的鼓舞与温暖。 语法填空。
(1)She was disappointed to learn(learn) that she had failed the test at her first attempt.
(2) She was disappointed(disappoint)that he never replied to her letter. (3)When hearing the disappointing(disappoint)news that he was banned from driving, the old man was very disappointed(disappoint).
(4) From his disappointed(disappoint)look, I knew he didn’t pass the examination.
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(5)Much to his disappointment(disappoint), his son is addicted to smoking. 3. desire n. 渴望; 欲望 vt. 渴望; 期望 *It’s our desire that you should provide some money to fund our program, as well as offer us some practical suggestions.
我们渴望你能为我们的项目提供一些资金, 还能提供一些实用的建议。
*(2020·天津高考)Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore. 伟大来自一种持久的探索欲望。
*We always desire to live in peace with our neighbors. 我们一向希望邻里之间和睦相处。
*We desire that immediate help (should) be given to the local villagers who have been trapped by the flood.
我们渴望立刻给予那些被洪水围困的当地村民们救援。
(1)desire to do 渴望做…… desire sb. to do
desire that. . .
希望某人做……
希望……(从句中用should do结构, should可以省略)
渴望某事
(2)a desire for sth. (3)desirable desired
adj. 令人满意的; 值得要的 adj. 渴望的; 想得到的
All men naturally desire to know.
人的天性皆欲求知。 (这一贴切的比喻启示我们人要时刻学习)
(1)语法填空。
①She has no desire for the life in the city. That’s because she can’t adapt to the fast pace of life there.
②Henry desires to receive (receive) his graduation certificate soon.
(2)The old man desired/desires his son to earn his living(希望他的儿子谋生) with dignity.
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(3)I had a strong desire(有强烈的渴望) to reach in and play with the toy, but was held back thankfully by the shop window.
(4)We desire to test out(希望检验)the new robot within one month.
(5)He had a computer at home, and he desired that the computer do all the work(做所有的工作) for him. 4. carry on 继续做, 坚持干 *After his death, his next generation will carry on his career. 他去世后, 他的下一代将继承他的事业。
*They carried on chatting as if nothing had happened. 他们继续聊天, 就像什么事都没有发生过。 *Sorry, I interrupted you. Please carry on. 很抱歉我打断了你, 请继续。
* Don’t blame me. I’m just carry out orders. 别怪我, 我只是奉命行事。
* We need to carry out more research. 我们需要进行更多研究。
carry on (with) sth. /doing sth. 继续(做)某事
carry out
carry through 语法填空。
(1)I hate it when she calls me at work—I’m always too busy to carry on a conversation with her.
(2)Although faced with so many difficulties, they still carried on with their research.
(3)The support of her mother carried Jane Goodall through and she devoted herself to the study of chimps.
(4)He gave himself a new name to hide his identity when he went to carry out the secret task.
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执行, 实施; 进行
帮……渡过难关; 把……进行到底
5. signal n. 信号; 标志vi. &vt. 标志着; 标明; 发信号 *This signalled one step further in China’s plan to establish a space station in the future.
这标志着中国未来建立空间站的计划又向前迈进了一步。 *She signalled that she was about to turn left. 她打信号灯表示她就要向左转弯。
*My mother is signalling to me to remove the table. 我妈妈在示意我将桌子移开。
*When you come across the crossing, you should pay attention to the traffic signals. 当过十字路口时, 你应该注意交通信号灯。
(1)signal (to) sb. to do sth. 示意某人做某事
signal (sb. ) that signal sth. to sb. (2)traffic signals
(1)Kurdish leaders saw the visit as an important signal of support. 库尔德领导人将这次访问视作一种表示支持的重要信号。
(2)She will be signalling/signal great changes in energy policy. 她将暗示能源政策会有重大变化。 6. so as to (do sth. )为了; 以便 *People will always continue to explore this final frontier so as to learn its secrets. 人们总是会继续探索这最后的边境, 以了解它的秘密。
* She tried to slide into the room so as not to be seen by other people. 她设法溜进房间, 目的是不被别人看到。
so as to与in order to
so as to 引导的目的状语不可位于句首, 否定形式是 so as not to;
in order to 引导的目的状语位于句首和句中均可, 否定形式是 in order not to 。 *All of us worked hard in order to/so as to pass the exam.
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示意……
向某人示意…… 交通信号灯
=In order to pass the exam, all of us worked hard.
=All of us worked hard so that/in order that we could pass the exam. 为了通过考试, 我们都努力学习。
(1)He got up earlier so as to/in order to(以便)get to school on time.
(2)In order not to be heard(为了不被听见), she pointed her finger upwards to signal that someone was moving about upstairs.
(3)(2018·天津高考)Let’s not pick these peaches until this weekend so that/in order that(以便) they get sweet enough to be eaten.
7. On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space. 1961年4月12日, 尤里·加加林成为世界上第一个进入太空的人。 【句式解构】
本句中the+序数词+n. +to do 表示第几个做某事的……。不定式所修饰的名词或代词前面常有only, first, last, next或序数词、形容词最高级等修饰。 *I am always the first person to get to the office. 我总是第一个到达办公室的人。
*He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他总是第一个来, 最后一个走。
*It was the first play to win all three of these major awards. 它是赢得所有这三项大奖的第一部戏剧。 英语中常用不定式作后置定语的情况主要还有:
①被修饰词前有the only, the very, the next等词。 *The next thing to do is to relax yourself completely. 下一步要做的事情是完全放松你自己。
②抽象名词time, way, ability, reason, chance, courage, opportunity等后常用不定式作定语。
*I had a chance to visit the Great Wall last month. 上个月我有机会游览了长城。
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③表示将来的动作常用不定式作定语。 *I have something important to tell you. 我有要事相告。
(1)作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词, 不定式后面要有必要的介词。 (2)如果不定式所表示的动作不是由主语发出, 则不定式应使用被动语态。 *She has only a little room to live in. 她只有一个小房间居住。
*I am going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything to be taken to your son? 我下周打算去北京, 你有东西带给你儿子吗?
(1)She has a child to take care of. 她有一个孩子要照顾。
(2)He is not the kind of man to do such things. 他不是做这种事的人。
(3)She has the kindness to help you. 她出于好意帮助你。
(4)Thank you for giving me the chance to make the speech. 谢谢你给我发言的机会。
(5)He’d always be the first to offer to help. 他总是第一个主动提出帮忙。
8. Then Shenzhou 6 and 7 completed a second manned orbit and the first Chinese spacewalk, followed by the vehicle, Jade Rabbit being sent to the moon to study its surface. 此后, 神舟六号和七号完成了第二次载人环绕地球飞行和中国人的第一次太空行走, 随后, “玉兔号”被送往月球研究月球表面。 【句式解构】
(1)过去分词短语followed by the vehicle在句中作伴随状语。
*Seated in his car, he waved goodbye to all the people who came to see him off. 他坐在车上, 向前来为他送行的所有人挥手告别。
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(2)过去分词短语通常在句中作时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随、方式等状语。过去分词通常与句子的主语之间构成被动关系, 或表示动作已完成。 *Used with care, one tin will last for six weeks. 如果用得仔细的话, 一罐可以用六周。(表示条件) *Written in a hurry, this article was not so good. 因为写得匆忙, 这篇文章不是很好。(表示原因)
*The teacher came in, followed by a group of students. 老师进来了, 后面跟着一群学生。(表示伴随)
语法填空。
(1)Seen (see)from the top of the hill, the school looks like a big garden. (2)Given (give)more time, we could do it much better.
(3)Encouraged (encourage) by the teacher, the girl was very happy. (4)Left (leave) alone at home, Jenny didn’t feel afraid at all. 【要点拾遗】
1. launch vt. & n. 发射; 发起; 上市 *NASA plans to launch a satellite to study cosmic rays. 美国国家航空航天局计划发射一颗卫星来研究宇宙射线。 *They launched a campaign to restore law and order. 他们发起了一项恢复法律和秩序的运动。 *It is time I launched out on my own. 到了我自己创业的时候了。
*He launched into a lengthy account of his career. 他开始啰啰嗦嗦地讲述自己的工作经历。
*The police have launched an investigation into the incident. 警察已经开始对此事件进行调查。
launch vehicle 运载火箭 product launch launch pad
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产品发布 发射台
launch site 发射场; 发射区
launch date 下水日期; 发行日期; 上市日期
launch into launch out into
(1)用launch的适当形式填空。
①The government has launched an advertising campaign to encourage people to vote. ②When launched, the Macintosh was the smallest desktop computer ever produced. (2)Harrigan launched into a speech about the importance of new projects. 译: 哈里根发表了关于新项目重要性的演讲。
2. These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed, but the desire to explore the universe never died. 这些灾难让每个人都感到悲伤和失望, 但探索宇宙的欲望从未消失。 【句式解构】
(1)句中made everyone sad and disappointed是make的复合结构, 即make+宾语+宾语补足语; 其中sad and disappointed作宾语补足语。 (2)make的复合结构如下:
①make sb. do sth. 使/让某人做某事
*Our English teacher often makes us retell the texts. 我们的英语老师经常让我们复述课文。
②make sb. /sth. done (过去分词)使某人或某事被…… 常用于make oneself known/heard/understood. . . *It’s too noisy. I can’t make my voice heard. 太吵了, 我不能让别人听到我的声音。
③make sb. /sth. doing使某人或某物一直做…… *He makes the boy standing there all the time. 他让那个男孩一直站在那里。
④make +sb. /sth. +adj. 使某人或某物(变得)……
*She knew that these solutions were not going to make me happy. 她知道这些解决办
开始做, 投入 开始从事, 投身于
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法不会让我高兴。
⑤make +sb. /sth. +n. 让某人或某物成为…… *They all want to make Jim their monitor. 他们都想让吉姆当班长。
(1)语法填空。
①She fears more guns on the streets will make things worse(bad). ②He raised his voice in order to make himself understood(understand). (2)Mary tried to make us stay for supper(留我们吃晚饭).
(3)He believes that the system will make him a better doctor(让他成为一名更好的医生).
3. This is because people believe in the importance of carrying on space exploration despite the huge risks. 这是因为尽管存在巨大的风险, 人们仍然相信进行太空探索的重要性。 【句式解构】
This is because. . . 为because引导的表语从句。
*He missed the first bus and that was because he got up late this morning. 他没能赶上第一班车, 那是因为他今天早上起晚了。
*You have made great progress in English. This is because you have improved your studying methods.
你在英语方面取得了很大的进步, 这是因为你改进了你的学习方法。 *I’ve got a cold; that is why I wouldn’t like to have a meal. 我感冒了, 那就是我不想吃饭的原因。
This/That is because . . . 这/那是因为…… This/That is why . . . 这/那就是……的原因。
语法填空。
(1) From space, the earth looks blue. This is because about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.
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(2) He was a reliable man. That’s why he was elected as mayor.
拓视野·观天下
1. China’s Ministry of Science and Technology has launched an online public service platform to release the latest technologies and innovative products for the 2019-nCoV epidemic control.
中国科技部推出了一个在线公共服务平台, 发布新型冠状病毒疫情控制的最新技术和创新产品。
2. As China is gradually restoring order to production and life, suppressed consumption desire will be unleashed after the epidemic. 随着中国逐渐恢复生产和生活秩序, 受抑制的消费欲望将在疫情后得到释放。
3. However, San Pascual said it is important to audit a hospital’s use of plastic products and other disposables to determine if they are being used efficiently. 不过, 圣帕斯夸尔说, 对医院使用的塑料制品和其他一次性用品进行审计, 以确定它们是否得到了有效利用, 这一点很重要。
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