Analysis of management information
system
ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the history of the development of management information systems , and management information system role , function and structure model . Outlines the management information system on the impact and importance of social enterprises and development process . Simple analysis of the future trend of development , and management information systems of management information systems are increasingly transforming our work and lifestyle .
Keywords : MIS case studies ; the MIS impact ; MIS development process ;
1 Introduction
1.1 Management Information System Introduction
Management Information Systems Management Information System MIS ( Management Information Systems referred to MIS is an evolving new disciplines the MIS definition are constantly updated with the progress of computer technology and communication technology , at this stage generally considered by human and computer equipment or other information processing means and used for management information system .
Five aspects of the management information by the information acquisition , information transmission, information storage , information processing , information maintenance and use of the information . Sound management information system MIS has the following four criteria: determine the information needs of information can be collected and can be processed by the program provides managers with
information, information management . Database with unified planning MIS important sign of maturity , it symbolizes the Management Information System MIS software engineering product management information system MIS is a cross- discipline , part of : computer science ( network communications, database, computer language ) , mathematics ( statistics , operations research , linear programming , management, simulation ) and other subjects . Information is a very important resource in the management , the success or failure of management depends on the ability to make effective decisions , the correct decision depends largely on the quality of information too . So whether the effective management of information has become the most
important issue , management information system MIS increasingly gained popularity in the modern society, stress management , emphasis on information . Management information system in the modernization of management plays give enough light weight . Not only is it an effective way to modernize management , at the same time , also contributed to the process of modernization of enterprise management .
1.2 Management Information System Overview
20th century, with the rapid development of the global economy , many economists have proposed a new theory of management . In the 1950s , Simon asked the management relies on the idea of information and decision-making . The same period Wiener cybernetics , he thinks management is a process . In 1958, Gail wrote:
\" management at a lower cost to get timely and accurate information , and to achieve better control of this period, the computer begins for accounting , data processing
term .
1970 , Walter T.Kennevan , the term management information system to just under a definition: \" oral or written form , at the right time to the manager, staff and outside personnel past, present , and predict the future information about the enterprise and its environment , in order to help them make decisions . \" this definition emphasizes the use of information to support decision-making , but did not emphasize the application model, no mention of computer applications .
In 1985, the founder of the management information system , the University of Minnesota professor of management at Gordon B.Davis to the management information system with a more complete definition of \" management information system is a computer hardware and software resources , manual work, analysis , plan control and decision-making model and database man - machine system can provide information to support the operation and management of the business or organization and decision-making functions . \" this definition is a comprehensive description of the objectives of the management information system , functions and composition , but also reflects the
management information system in the level reached at the time .
Management information system was initially applied to the most basic work , such as print statements , calculation of wages , personnel management , and further the development of corporate financial management , inventory management , and
individual business management , which is a system of electronic data processing
( EDP Electronic Date Processing ) . When the establishment of the enterprise
database , a computer network so as to achieve data sharing , the departure from the system point of view , the implementation of the global planning and design of system information , reached the stage of the management information system . With the advances in computer technology and people to further improve the system requirements , a greater emphasis on management information systems can support the decision-making of this feature of the corporate senior leadership , is more focused on the collection of information outside the enterprise , integrated database , model base , method library and other artificial intelligence based on the ability for policy makers , which is the task of the decision support system ( DSS , Decision Support system ) . End of the 1970s , a small number of companies began to topical application of MIS , at present, China has become quite common , its scope of application covering almost every industry and sector , with a wide range of future development .
1.3 Management information
1.3.1 Management information is a very important resource
For businesses, people , materials , energy , capital , information important resources . People , materials, energy , capital , these are visible tangible resources, and information is an intangible resources . People pay more attention tangible resources , access to the information society and knowledge economy era , information resources is becoming increasingly important . Because information resources determine how to make more effective use of material resources . Information resources is the crystallization of knowledge derived from the struggle of human beings and nature , master of information resources , you can make better use of physical resources , the physical resources to maximize the benefit .
1.3.2 Management information base decisions
Decision-making by objective circumstances , the objective external circumstances , the external case , the understanding of the internal situation in order to make the right judgments and decisions . Therefore , decision-making and have a very close relationship . Some rule of thumb or racking our brains kind of decision - making is often caused by the decision-making mistakes , and now more and more clear information is the basis for decision-making .
1.3.3 Management information is the basis for administrative control
In the management control information to control the entire process of production , the operation of the service process , also rely on the feedback of information to constantly correct the existing scheme , rely on the management information to implement control . There are a lot of things can not be well controlled, its root cause is not a good grasp of comprehensive information .
1.3.4 Management information contact outside the organization link Contact
with the outside world the link between the various functional
departments of internal information to communicate with each other . Therefore, to communicate with the contact of the various departments , so that the whole enterprise is able to coordinate the work necessary to rely on the information . Therefore, it is a link, both within and outside the organization to communicate information it is impossible to communicate well both inside and outside of the contact and in unison to work together .
1.4 Management Information System Definition
By this figure , we can see that the management information system is a man-machine system , the machine includes computer hardware and software ( the software includes business information systems , knowledge work systems , decision-making and Executive Support System) , a variety of office machinery and
telecommunications equipment ; personnel including high-level decision makers, mid
- level functions and grass-roots business people , man-machine system by these people and machines to form a harmonious act in harmony .
So , some people say that the management information system is a technical system , it was said management information system is a social system , the reason we said above , we say that the management information system is a social system, and then a social and technical system . System designers should be very good analysis of what more appropriate to the computer to do , what to do more appropriate , how to contact people and machines , to give full play to their respective strengths of humans and
machines . There is also a computer - based management information system
( computer - based ) say , is to give full play to the role of the computer information systems . In order to design good system , system designers must not only know
how to computers, and want to know how to analyze .
We say that the management information system is an integrated system or integrated system , This means that the management information system for enterprise
information management is a departure from the overall , comprehensive consideration , to ensure that the various functional departments to share data , reduce data redundancy to ensure data compatibility and consistency. Strictly speaking, only the information of the centralized and unified information to enterprise resources . Data integration does not limit the individual functional subsystems can save its own dedicated data integration in order to ensure , first of all have a global system plan , every little system implementation under the guidance of the master plan . Secondly, through a standard outline and procedures to achieve system integration . So that data and programs to meet the requirements of the plurality of users of the equipment of the system should also be compatible with each other , even in the case of distributed systems and distributed database , ensure data consistency is also very important . Database with centralized and unified planning is an important sign of maturity of the management information system , it symbolizes see Department of Management Information Midi design and build , it marks the information has to be concentrated into shared resources for a variety of users . Databases have their own full-featured database management system manages data organization , data entry, data access , data for a variety of user services .
Management information system is a computer application system to provide the necessary information for the organization of the middle-level management oversight and control of the business activities , the efficient allocation of resources , which mainly use the TPS data collected to generate the required system of management planning and control business activities . It is an emerging science , whose main task is to maximize the use of modern computer and network communication technology to strengthen the enterprise information management , investigate and understand human, material and financial resources , equipment , technology and other resources owned by enterprises , the establishment of data processing and the preparation of a variety of information in a timely manner available to management, for the right decisions , and constantly improve the management level of enterprises and economic benefits . At present, the computer network has become an important means of technological transformation of enterprises and improve enterprise management level .
2 Management Information System
2.1 Management Information System characteristics
1 ) management information system for the management decisions
2) management information system of information collection, storage, processing, transmission and processing .
3 ) management information system is a people , computers and
related equipment and data integrated information system.
4 ) management information system is comprehensive , adaptability, ease of use .
2.2 The role of the management information system
1) on the market to make rapid response 2 ) shorten the production cycle
3 ) to reduce production costs 4 ) To grasp information
2.3 Management Information System has the following basic functions
1 ) Data processing functions 2 ) Planning function
Based on existing conditions and constraints , the plans of the various functional departments . Such as production planning, financial planning , procurement plan . And in accordance with the different levels of management plan report .
3 ) Control functions
According to the data provided by the various functional departments , supervision, inspection, comparative implementation of program differences on the implementation of the plan , analysis of differences and the reasons for the differences , assist management control in a timely manner .
4 ) Prediction function
The use of modern mathematical methods , statistical methods , or simulation methods to predict the future based on available data .
5) decision support functions
The corresponding mathematical model , derived from a large number of data issues related to the optimal solution and satisfactory solution , auxiliary
management decision-making . Rational use of resources in order to obtain greater economic benefits .
2.4 Management Information System division
1) Based on the functions of the organization are divided
MIS can be divided according to the functions of the organization office systems, decision-making systems, production systems and information systems .
2) Based on the level of information processing division
MIS divided based on the information processing level for the implementation of the number - oriented systems, value - oriented accounting system , the report of the monitoring system , the analysis of information systems , planning and decision-making systems , information pyramid is formed from the bottom up .
3) Based on the historical development division
The first generation of MIS is by manual operation , file cabinets, notebooks and other tools . The second generation of MIS the mechanical aid office equipment, such as typewriters, cash registers , automatic billing machine . The third generation of MIS computer , telex , telephone , printers and other electronic devices .
4 ) based on the size of the framing
With the rapid development of telecommunications and computer technology , modern MIS from the geographical division has gradually by the local range to the wide area .
5 ) MIS of an integrated structure
MIS can be divided into horizontally integrated structure and vertically
integrated structure , horizontal structure refers to the various departments of the same
management level synthesis, such as labor and personnel departments . Vertically
integrated structure have some functions of the management of the business together ,
as lower-level counterparts .
3 Management information system development process
The development of management information systems can be divided into system planning, system analysis, system design , system implementation , system maintenance and evaluation of the five stages . The various stages of the main summary of the work described below.
1 ) System planning stage
System planning phase of the mission are: the development of the requirements of the new system on the basis of a preliminary investigation on the original system , according to needs and possible, given the general scheme of the new system , and
program feasibility analysis , resulting in system development plan two documents and feasibility study report .
2 ) Systems analysis phase
Systems analysis phase of the mission is based on the extent determined by the system development plan , the existing system conduct a thorough investigation , describing the current system of business processes , pointed out the limitations and inadequacies of the current system to determine the basic objectives of the new system and logical model , this stage is also known as the logical design phase . The results of the work of the systems analysis phase is reflected in the system analysis statement , which is an essential document of the system construction . It is presented to the user's documents , but also the basis for the work of the next phase , systems analysis manual should be easy to understand , through which users can learn about the features of the new system to determine whether the required system . Based on system analysis statement once the assessment is passed , is the basis of system design , system final acceptance .
3 ) System design stage
System analysis stage to answer the new system \"what to do \" , the system design phase of the mission is to answer the \"how\" of the problem , according to the functions specified in the manual system analysis requirements , consider the actual conditions , the specific design logic model the technical solution , i.e. the design of the physical model of the new system . So this stage is also called physical design stage . It consists of two phases of the overall design and detailed design , produce technical documentation system design specification .
4 ) System implementation phase
System implementation phase of the mission , including the purchase of computer hardware , installation and commissioning , application preparation and commissioning, personnel training , data file conversion, system debugging and conversion . Implementation of the system according to the implementation plan completed in stages , each stage should write the implementation progress report . System test after the write system test report .
5 ) System maintenance and evaluation phases
System put into operation , the need for frequent maintenance record system operational , according to certain procedures to make the necessary modifications to the system , the quality of the work of the evaluation system and economic benefits .
4 The impact and development of management information
systems
4.1 Management Information System
4.1.1 Management information systems for businesses and organizations Increased
competition among enterprises , leading enterprises increasingly rely
on management information systems . Management information system to promote the reorganization and optimization of the organizational structure of enterprises , standardize enterprise management and business activities . Improve the efficiency of enterprises .
4.1.2 Management information system impact on society
Information industry in the economy growing proportion , to promote social and economic development . E-government system to help governments and authorities to improve office efficiency and improve the quality of service . Changed people's lifestyle and habits . Online education provides a convenient conditions for the people's education and learning .
4.2 the role of the management information system
Management information systems in order to adapt to the needs of modern management , management science, system science , information science and computer science disciplines on the basis of the formation of a science , which studies the whole process of information processing and decision-making in the management system , and to explore the computer the realization method . It is composed of a people, computers, communications equipment and other hardware and software , management information collection , processing , storage , transmission ,
maintenance and use of the system . Management information systems can contribute to the information-oriented , so that enterprises in a sensitive , scientific management , decision-making accurate virtuous circle , higher economic benefits for the enterprise . Therefore, the management information system is an important symbol of modern enterprises , the only way for the development of enterprises .
Information systems in the management of the affairs of universal application , promote the upgrading of the enterprise management . Management information system for management services , to get rid of backward management, effective way to modernize the management of the development and establishment of the enterprise .
Management information systems management unification , standardization and modernization , which greatly improves the efficiency of the management , modern management to form a unified and efficient system . The traditional management methods based on the manual operation of the human subject , the management put a lot of time, effort , however, the individual's ability is limited , so management will inevitably limitations , or personal subjectivity and one - sidedness .
Management information systems to use systems thinking built up, man-machine systems computer information processing means of modern
communications equipment transfer tool , the ability to provide decision-makers with information services , which is undoubtedly the Modernisation and Management standards, science and technology major initiatives to improve the quality of management . Management information system will be a large number of complex information processing to the computer , people and computers give full play to their strengths , a harmonious, organized and efficient system , bring convenience for modern management .
In modern management , computer management information system has become indispensable helper of enterprise management , its wide application has become an important symbol of modern management . In the modernization of enterprise management , organization , methods , control can not be separated from the modern management tools modernization . With the development of science and technology , especially information technology and the development of communication technology , computer and network gradually applied to modern management . The face of a growing number of information resources and increasingly complex corporate internal and external environment , enterprises need to establish efficient and practical management information system , to provide protection for enterprise management decision-making and control , which is the inevitable trend to modernize management .
4.3 the development of management information systems
4.3.1 Social challenges faced by the management information system
How deeply aware of the management information system is not only a technical system , but it is also a social system ?
How to improve the scientific management level , to create favorable conditions for the utility of the information system ?
How to use information technology to promote the organization and
management ?
How to improve the organization's culture and to cultivate a new generation of staff to adapt to the challenges of the application of new technologies and business transformation ?
Government departments on how to promote the use and development of management information systems . The development of management information systems to the management department of the government has put forward higher requirements ?
4.3.2 Management information system technical challenges
Cross-platform, data exchange to support a variety of applications and a high level of system integration , workflow definition and restructuring of highly modular , personalized user interface , high reliability and security , support organizations , support intelligent information processing and distributed applications, with a the scalable operational framework and a standard external interface , support a wider range of applications .
4.3.3 The development trend of the management information system
Management information system development trends in networking trends , intelligent trend , the value of the trend , the trend , integration trends . Management
information system in the modernization of management plays give enough light weight . Not only is it an effective way to modernize management , at the same time , also contributed to the process of modernization of enterprise management .
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