写作微技能训练——无灵主语的使用（学生版）
I. 概念
无灵主语（inanimate subject），又叫做物称主语，指的是使用没有生命的事物充当句子的主语成分，例如物品、动作、情感、时间、地点、抽象名词等，这与中文表达中习惯“以人为本”的特点，即常常会把人这个行为主体作为句子主语的情况大相径庭，体现了英语语言所强调的客体思维。
II. 类别
1. 使用时间、地点名词做主语，谓语动词用“witness”、 “see”、 “find” 来表达发生的事情。
①That chilly afternoon witnessed him trudging in the snow. 那个寒冷的下午，他在雪地里跋涉。
①Thus the gathering dark often finds me hastening home in a hurrying crowd. 于是，暮色渐浓时，我常常挤在匆忙的人群中匆匆回家。
① The recent two weeks witnessed our sincere communication in study, living, sports and art, etc. 两周以来，我们在学习、生活、体育以及文艺诸方面进行了真诚的交流。 ① That period of time saw his great changes. 他在那段时间变化很大。 【牛刀小试】
①最近几年里，随着中国经济的腾飞，中国文化也引起世界瞩目。(2016年北京卷)
Chinese culture attracting worldwide attention as well as China’s economy booming.
①在重阳节那天，很多学生都会去敬老院陪伴老人。（2015全国卷II）
many teenagers stay with and care for the elderly on the Double Ninth Day.
①In the past four years, our production has increased.
______________________________________________________________________________________ ① At dusk, he was crying in the street.
______________________________________________________________________________________ ①近十年来，青少年使用社交网站的人数呈爆炸式增长。
______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________
2. 情感类名词或心理活动名词作主语
高中常见情感类的名词:
开心 happiness/ delight/ joy/ pleasure/ exultation/ ecstasy(狂喜)/ gaiety 伤心 sadness/ grief/ sorrow 激动 thrill/ excitement/ exhilaration
惊讶 amazement/ surprise/ astonishment/ shock/ astoundment 失望 disappointment/ frustration/ depression 生气 anger/ fury/ irritation/ rage
绝望 desperation/ hopelessness/ despair 焦急 anxiety/ worry 困惑 puzzle/ confusion 满意 satisfaction/ contentment 害怕 fright/ fear/ scare/ dread/ terror/ horror 嫉妒 jealousy/ envy
自豪 pride后悔regret羞愧shame同情sympathy尴尬embarrassment放松relief/ relaxation 疲倦tiredness/ exhaustion/ fatigue无聊boredom孤独loneliness热情passion/ enthusiasm
在这些情感名词之后，带上动词诸如 seize, visit, haunt, come over, well up, take possession of, creep over, grip, overcome, surround, give way to, desert, tear, choke, deprive, sweep over等，就能写出精彩的情感无灵主语。
Fear gripped the village. 整个村庄笼罩在恐怖之中。 Courage deserted him. 他没有了勇气。
Anxiety tore him into pieces. 他焦虑万分，肝肠寸断。
By now optimism had given way to doubt. 现在，乐观变成了怀疑。 Anger choked my words. 我气的说不出话。
Astonishment deprived me of my power of speech. 我惊讶得说不出话来。 A chill of horror suddenly swept over him. 他突然感到不寒而栗。
Despair seized him at the thought of her setting out alone to renew the weary quest for work. 想起她一个人出去重新登上找工作的艰辛路途，他觉得万念俱灰。 Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks. 几个星期以来，我又气又恨，感到非常苦恼。 【牛刀小试】
①如果你了解唐诗，你一定会感到震撼与钦佩。（2017年全国卷I）
after your learning of Tang poetry. ①大家一直很渴望与你比赛。（2017年全国卷III）
to match you has always been us. ①因为父母没有及时表扬，所以我们或许充满失望。（2016年上海卷）
may us due to the lack of parents’ immediate praise. ①同学们肯定很高兴读到你的来稿。（2015年全国卷I）
will surely us the moment we read your articles. ①对于你们的班额大小，我感到很好奇。(2014年全国卷I )
when it comes to how large your class scale is. ①我为你成功运营网店感到骄傲。(2013年全国卷II)
often because of your running an online store successfully.
①得知你对中国历史很感兴趣，我有点吃惊且骄傲。(2016年北京卷)
______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________
3. 主语是具有动词意味的名词，常见表达: the sight of看到，the thought of 想到
The sight of the clock reminded me that I was late. 一看到闹钟，我就知道我迟到了。
The sight of the scene filled me with horror. 看到这个情景，我心中满是恐惧。
The thought of his failure in the first exam gave him the strength to strive. 想到他第一次考试不及格，他就有了奋斗的力量。
The thought of your departure for home pains us .想到你们即将回国，我们很难过。 【牛刀小试】
①看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的飞机声，令我特别神往。
and of our jet planes me with special longing. ①一见到他进入房间，她就充满了喜悦。
______________________________________________________________________________________ ①当他在国外工作时，一想到回家就使他感到高兴。
was all that kept him happy while he was working abroad． ①想到不久就要见到她的儿子，她心中感到十分快乐。
______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________
4. 使用抽象名词作主语
①Your arrival will absolutely make our lecture more splendid. 您的到来一定会使我们的讲座更加精彩。
①My absence from your activity makes me regretful these days. 我不能参加你们的活动让我一直都很内疚。
① His quick adaptation to the study life overseas removed his parents’ worry. 他很快就适应了留学生活，让父母很放心。
①The availability to cellphones on campus will distract our attention from study. 如果学校允许学生带手机，大家肯定不会全心全意的学习。 ⑤Words fail me when I try to express my heartfelt gratitude. 我无法用言语来表达我衷心的感谢。
①Your prompt reply will be highly appreciated. 希望得到你立即的回复。 【牛刀小试】
①如果申请书和简历能够得到你的修改，我一定能够应聘成功。（2016年全国卷I） Your of my resume and application letter surely brings me a success. ①如果你能参加此次摄影展，它一定会更加精彩。（2016年全国卷II）
Your in this photography show will absolutely add it more color. ①人们的环抱意识在增强，所以这次摄影展主题就是“环保”。（2016年全国卷II）
The of people’s environment awareness determines the topic of this photography show：environmental protection.
①我忙得不可开交，完全忘记了我们的约会。
I was wrapped up in my business, and absolutely. ①如果你了解毛主席的一生，你也就会更好地了解中国。（2016年北京卷）
______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ①春天，巴黎阳光灿烂，景色优美。
______________________________________________________________________________________
III. 活学活用（用无灵主语句式改写以下段落中划线的句子）
1. When I was young, I was shy. At 14 years old, it was my turn to give a presentation in class. Seeing so many classmates, I was fearful. Although having well prepared, I suddenly lost my courage. I forgot all the words absolutely. After class, my teacher encouraged me to be courageous and not to hide away. From then on, I became more confident instead of being shy, and I would remember the experience forever.
修改后： when I was young. At 14 years old, it was my turn to give a presentation in class. so many classmates me with fear. suddenly despite full preparations. ___________________________________________________________________________ After class, my teacher encouraged me to be courageous and not to hide away. From then on, my shyness ____________________ my courage and ____________________________________________________.
写作微技能训练——无灵主语的使用（教师版）
IV. 概念
无灵主语（inanimate subject），又叫做物称主语，指的是使用没有生命的事物充当句子的主语成分，例如物品、动作、情感、时间、地点、抽象名词等，这与中文表达中习惯“以人为本”的特点，即常常会把人这个行为主体作为句子主语的情况大相径庭，体现了英语语言所强调的客体思维。
V. 类别
5. 使用时间、地点名词做主语，谓语动词用“witness”、 “see”、 “find” 来表达发生的事情。
①That chilly afternoon witnessed him trudging in the snow. 那个寒冷的下午，他在雪地里跋涉。
①Thus the gathering dark often finds me hastening home in a hurrying crowd. 于是，暮色渐浓时，我常常挤在匆忙的人群中匆匆回家。
① The recent two weeks witnessed our sincere communication in study, living, sports and art, etc. 两周以来，我们在学习、生活、体育以及文艺诸方面进行了真诚的交流。 ① That period of time saw his great changes. 他在那段时间变化很大。 【牛刀小试】
①最近几年里，随着中国经济的腾飞，中国文化也引起世界瞩目。(2016年北京卷)
Recent years have found Chinese culture attracting worldwide attention as well as China’s economy booming.
①在重阳节那天，很多学生都会去敬老院陪伴老人。（2015全国卷II）
The nursing homes witness many teenagers stay with and care for the elderly on the Double Ninth Day. ①In the past four years, our production has increased.
The past four years has witnessed an increase in production. ① At dusk, he was crying in the street. Dusk found him crying in the street.
①近十年来，青少年使用社交网站的人数呈爆炸式增长。
The recent decade has witnessed an explosive growth in the number of teenage users of social networking websites. 6. 情感类名词或心理活动名词作主语
高中常见情感类的名词:
开心 happiness/ delight/ joy/ pleasure/ exultation/ ecstasy(狂喜)/ gaiety 伤心 sadness/ grief/ sorrow 激动 thrill/ excitement/ exhilaration
惊讶 amazement/ surprise/ astonishment/ shock/ astoundment 失望 disappointment/ frustration/ depression 生气 anger/ fury/ irritation/ rage
绝望 desperation/ hopelessness/ despair 焦急 anxiety/ worry 困惑 puzzle/ confusion 满意 satisfaction/ contentment 害怕 fright/ fear/ scare/ dread/ terror/ horror 嫉妒 jealousy/ envy
自豪 pride后悔regret羞愧shame同情sympathy尴尬embarrassment放松relief/ relaxation
疲倦tiredness/ exhaustion/ fatigue无聊boredom孤独loneliness热情passion/ enthusiasm
在这些情感名词之后，带上动词诸如 seize, visit, haunt, come over, well up, take possession of, creep over, grip, overcome, surround, give way to, desert, tear, choke, deprive, sweep over等，就能写出精彩的情感无灵主语。
Fear gripped the village. 整个村庄笼罩在恐怖之中。 Courage deserted him. 他没有了勇气。
Anxiety tore him into pieces. 他焦虑万分，肝肠寸断。
By now optimism had given way to doubt. 现在，乐观变成了怀疑。 Anger choked my words. 我气的说不出话。
Astonishment deprived me of my power of speech. 我惊讶得说不出话来。 A chill of horror suddenly swept over him. 他突然感到不寒而栗。
Despair seized him at the thought of her setting out alone to renew the weary quest for work. 想起她一个人出去重新登上找工作的艰辛路途，他觉得万念俱灰。 Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks. 几个星期以来，我又气又恨，感到非常苦恼。 【牛刀小试】
①如果你了解唐诗，你一定会感到震撼与钦佩。（2017年全国卷I） Shock and admiration will come over you after your learning of Tang poetry. ②大家一直很渴望与你比赛。（2017年全国卷III）
Eagerness to match you has always been haunting us.
③因为父母没有及时表扬，所以我们或许充满失望。（2016年上海卷）
Disappointment may take possession of us due to the lack of parents’ immediate praise. ①同学们肯定很高兴读到你的来稿。（2015年全国卷I） Excitement will surely visit us the moment we read your articles. ①对于你们的班额大小，我感到很好奇。(2014年全国卷I ) Curiosity seized me when it comes to how large your class scale is. ①我为你成功运营网店感到骄傲。(2013年全国卷II)
Springs of pride often well up in my mind because of your running an online store successfully. ①得知你对中国历史很感兴趣，我有点吃惊且骄傲。(2016年北京卷)
Slight surprise and pride gripped me when I knew your interest in Chinese history.
7. 主语是具有动词意味的名词，常见表达: the sight of看到，the thought of 想到
The sight of the clock reminded me that I was late. 一看到闹钟，我就知道我迟到了。 The sight of the scene filled me with horror. 看到这个情景，我心中满是恐惧。
The thought of his failure in the first exam gave him the strength to strive. 想到他第一次考试不及格，他就有了奋斗的力量。
The thought of your departure for home pains us .想到你们即将回国，我们很难过。 【牛刀小试】
①看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的飞机声，令我特别神往。 The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. ②一见到他进入房间，她就充满了喜悦。
The sight of him entering the room could flood her with joy. ①当他在国外工作时，一想到回家就使他感到高兴。
The thought of going back home was all that kept him happy while he was working abroad． ①想到不久就要见到她的儿子，她心中感到十分快乐。
The thought of seeing her son very soon filled her heart with great happiness．
8. 使用抽象名词作主语
①Your arrival will absolutely make our lecture more splendid.
您的到来一定会使我们的讲座更加精彩。
②My absence from your activity makes me regretful these days. 我不能参加你们的活动让我一直都很内疚。
③ His quick adaptation to the study life overseas removed his parents’ worry.
他很快就适应了留学生活，让父母很放心。
①The availability to cellphones on campus will distract our attention from study. 如果学校允许学生带手机，大家肯定不会全心全意的学习。 ⑤Words fail me when I try to express my heartfelt gratitude. 我无法用言语来表达我衷心的感谢。
①Your prompt reply will be highly appreciated. 希望得到你立即的回复。 【牛刀小试】
①如果申请书和简历能够得到你的修改，我一定能够应聘成功。（2016年全国卷I） Your revision of my resume and application letter surely brings me a success. ②如果你能参加此次摄影展，它一定会更加精彩。（2016年全国卷II） Your participation in this photography show will absolutely add it more color.
③人们的环抱意识在增强，所以这次摄影展主题就是“环保”。（2016年全国卷II）
The increase of people’s environment awareness determines the topic of this photography show：environmental protection.
①我忙得不可开交，完全忘记了我们的约会。
I was wrapped up in my business, and the appointment slipped my mind absolutely. ①如果你了解毛主席的一生，你也就会更好地了解中国。（2016年北京卷） Your familiarity with Chairman Mao’s life will better your understanding of China. ①Spring finds a beautiful sunny Paris. 春天，巴黎阳光灿烂，景色优美。
VI. 活学活用（用无灵主语句式改写以下段落中划线的句子）
2. When I was young, I was shy. At 14 years old, it was my turn to give a presentation in class. Seeing so many classmates, I was fearful. Although having well prepared, I suddenly lost my courage. I forgot all the words absolutely. After class, my teacher encouraged me to be courageous and not to hide away. From then on, I became more confident instead of being shy, and I would remember the experience forever.
Shyness took over my life when I was young. At 14 years old, it was my turn to give a presentation in class. The sight of so many classmates filled me with fear. My courage deserted me suddenly despite full preparations. All the words slipped my mind absolutely. After class. my teacher encouraged me to be courageous and not to hide away. From then on, my shyness gave way to my courage and the experience would take root in my mind forever.
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