step by step听力入门4 Un答案
-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1
英语t 7
iUnit 7
Part I Warming up
A.
Tapescript:
1. Help the old
The elderly at home and in the neighborhood, especially those living alone, need your care and support. Show your concern and attend to their needs wherever possible. Your support warms their hearts and brings them hope. If you find any elderly people in need of help, call the Social Welfare Department hot line on 23432255 or contact the nearby Family Services Center.
2. Keep Hong Kong clean
Hong Kong not only is one of the world's greatest cities, it's also our home. So let's all start taking more pride in its appearance. Let's keep Hong Kong clean.
3. For a better society
At different stages of life, we have different roles to play. As good citizens, we are willing to do our part for a better society.
4. Don't litter
You can try walking away from litter, but you can't walk away from a fine. Use the bin or risk a $ 25,000 fine and six months' imprisonment.
5. Aids hot line
We are about to use a 4-letter word. This word can clear a room. This word makes some people sick. This word leaves others in disgust. Some people pretend it doesn't exist. Others wish it would go away. You won't hear it in mixed company. You won't hear it used at home. And you certainly won't hear it in schools. The fact is if more people use this word, less people would be affected by it.
6. Equal opportunities
True harmony can only exist when men and women have equal opportunities. Sex discrimination destroys this harmony and is unlawful. Stand up for equal opportunity. The equal opportunities commission hot line: 25118211.
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7. For your health
When traveling abroad, you should take preventive measures against cholera, hepatitis A and other diarrheal diseases. Drink only boiled water or bottled and canned drinks. Avoid eating cut fruits or fruits that are not cleansed. When you take shellfish, make sure they are thoroughly cooked. Always keep an eye on food hygiene. Please stay healthy. B.
Outline
I. Violent crime
A. Including robbery, assault, murder, rape
B. Murder rate: twice as high as 30 years ago
C. Violent crime rate in general: increased 23% (in the same time period)
II. White-collar crime
A. Including embezzlement, bribery, Political corruption, corporate policies that endanger workers and the public
B. White-collar crime rate in general: increased
III. Solutions:
A. Family: through socialization -- leading children to respect themselves, others, and the values of the society
B. Government.
1. By helping people to feel that they are part of the society instead of its victims
2. By instilling the fear of punishment in those who might become criminals
Tapescript:
Looking into crime and violence in the United States is like
opening the proverbial can of worms. So many different problems emerge from the can that you sometimes feel the more you know, the less you understand. What is very clear and indisputable, however, is that violent crime has increased greatly in the United States in recent decades. By violent crime, I mean crimes like robbery, assault, murder, and rape. The murder rate is twice as
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high as 30 years ago, and violent crime in general has increased 23 percent in the same time period. What is also clear is that the general public is afraid -- afraid of becoming victims of violent crime. Statistics are harder to come by for white-collar crime, crimes including
embezzlement, bribery, political corruption, and corporate policies that endanger workers and the public. But many experts agree that there has been an increase in white-collar crime, too.
As for solutions, I think most of us would agree that the family can play a role in reducing crime in the United States: through socialization, which leads children to respect themselves, others, and the values of their society. Moreover, I think society, in the form of government, has a role to play in reducing crime: by helping people to feel that they are part of the society instead of its victims. The government, in the form of the justice system, can also contribute to curbing crime by instilling the fear of punishment in those who might become criminals.
Part II
A.
1. What are the two aspects mentioned concerning the nature of gambling addicts?
--Coming from homes lacking love / looking for wants of family love and parental approval
--Unconsciously wanting to lose
3. In what ways can gambling addicts hopefully be cured?
--By psychiatric treatment
--By word therapy
--By help from organizations like \"Gamblers Anonymous\"
Tapescript:
Compulsive gamblers almost always come from homes lacking (in) love. As a result, the child grows up still looking for the wants of family love and parental approval. Another aspect to the nature of the gambling addict is that unconsciously he wants to lose.
Psychiatrists believe that compulsive gamblers consciously may expect to win. However, there's a strong element of self-destruction in an inclination to continue betting until all is lost. One New York psychiatrist believes that basically the compulsive gambler is seeking an answer to the question: Do you love me
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By winning, he receives a \"yes\" answer. However the gambler cannot accept the \"yes\" he sometimes receives because it is contrary to the reality of his or her unhappy childhood, one lacking (in) family love. The gambler's compelled to continue betting, thus expressing again and again his need for love and acceptance. When gambling addicts do win some money, they rarely spend any of it on their families. Money is like a sacred thing to the addicts. It is reserved for one thing: placing a bet.
Fortunately, there's hope and help today for gambling addicts. Psychiatric treatment is one possibility. Word therapy seems to help in some cases. The most readily available and the least expensive help comes from an organization called \"Gamblers Anonymous\" (GA). GA has more than 90 chapters in the U.S. with about 3,000 gamblers seeking a cure. One basic rule of GA is the gamblers must pay back all their debts, even it takes many years to do so. Thousands of
members credit GA with saving them from their addiction, and helping them to build new lives free from the gambling sickness.
Happily, today, with more public interest in helping the gambling addict overcome his problem, and with such organizations as the GA, the gambler who wants help to break his addiction, now has some place or some one to turn to.
B. Summary
Though in almost all the states in America, parents are held responsible for their kids' misdeeds at schools like destroying school property or missing school, only 13 states hold parents
criminally liable when their kids commit crimes, such as dealing in drugs, weapons possession and gang banging.
More lawmakers are saying parents should be jailed or fined when their kids commit a crime, because the most important influence on the development of a child is the parent. But parenting is not an easy thing. And it gets harder as kids get older. When a child becomes a teenager,
parents' involvement with their children under education drops sharply. By 15 to 16 years of age, children are treated as quasi-adults and many of them lead very separate life that parents are not fully informed of.
Parental liability laws will not work unless they're part of a much larger effort that includes more helps for parents in raising their children. Experts say what's most needed now is a thorough review of the effectiveness of such laws.
Tapescript:
In just about every state, parents are held responsible for certain misdeeds of their children, especially for school related, like destroying school property or missing school. But when kids commit crimes whether it's dealing in drugs, weapons possession or gang banging, only 13 states hold parents criminally liable. Now in the wake of the Colorado shootings, more lawmakers are saying parents should be jailed or fined when their kids commit a crime. And there seems to be a
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certain logic to this trend. The most important influence on the development of a child is the parent.
What people really want is good parenting. The question is. Can state legislatures legislate good parenting?
\"How do you legislate good parenting And how far should we go with that\"
There should be a law that does punish parents for leaving a loaded gun around accessible for children.
\"That's something you can hold me accountable for. But when you tell me I should raise a child in a way.., in a way that that child will not have bad thoughts or be depressed, or not hang around with the wrong kids, you are trying to legislate something that you know... Parenting is not an easy thing. This is a hard job.\"
And it gets harder as kids get older. Study shows that when a child becomes a teenager, parents' involvement with their children under education drops sharply. This complicates matters with the courts if they are to prove that parents should have known about the child's intentions to commit a crime or stop the child from doing it.
By 15 to 16 years of age, children in this country are treated as quasi-adults.
\"We also have young people of that age leading very separate life that parents are not fully
informed of. Many of those young people are working. They have a strong peer group affiliation. Perhaps we might have some idealistic view that a law will then force parents to hold daily sessions with their children, ask them what they are doing. I just don't think that's going to work.\"
Parent liability laws will not work unless they're part of a much larger effort that includes more help for parents in raising their children, whether they want it or not.
\"A judge can require a parent to go through psychological testing if the judge sees that there would be some merit not only in helping the child in their situation, but also helping the home situation.\"
According to the National Association of State Legislatures, half a dozen states are expected to take up the issue of parental liability this year. Family law experts say that what's most needed now is a thorough review of the effectiveness of such laws, before more putting in place,
because as far, they simply don't seem to be deterring school shootings, let alone bad parenting.
Part III Drug therapy
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A. You are going to hear a report about drug therapy. A1.
1. What is the worry put forward by a United Nations drug agency. Some legal prescription drugs are being taken in worrying quantities in the West.
2. What problems are growing in developed countries?
In developed countries, the prevalence of anxiety and insomnia and the consumption of sedative hypnotics are growing
3. What kind of drugs are often given hastily?
Drugs to treat psychological disorders are often given hastily, and without considering the underlying causes of the patients' problem.
4. Why is Professor Steven Rose worried And what is his fear Advances in biochemistry are being used to mask what children really need -- more discipline or more care. And Prof. Rose is afraid that Western culture is now so wedded to pharmaceutical answers, patients and parents are unwilling to accept that drugs are not the answer to everything. A2.
Areas of treatment Supporting examples
Overeating
Carol -- compulsive eater / 115 kilos
Adifax-- slimming drug /
only as emergency treatment /
but prescribed long periods
Badly behaved children Young people -- depression
Prozac -- instant relief / frightening dreams
/ suicidal feelings / dangers emerge
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/ long- term effect?
ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder)
Reese -- learning difficulties / lose temper /
aggressive
Ritalin -- power amphetamine / help
control temper / do better at school
Tapescript.
A United Nations drug agency has warned that legal prescription drugs like Viagra, steroids, and diet pills are being taken in worrying quantities in the West. Dan Damon now asks whether
people in the industrialized world really are in need of medication for illnesses like depression or whether it's simply becoming easier and more socially acceptable to try and correct mood and behavior through controlled drugs.
Generally, we think drug problems are something to do with contraband, and illicit street corner deals. But, the International Narcotics Control Board, which monitors the effectiveness of government measures to control the illegal drugs trade also checks the use of prescription pharmaceuticals. And here too, there are serious problems.
In developed countries, the prevalence of anxiety and insomnia and the consumption of sedative hypnotics are growing. The Board notes with concern the frequent long term use, sometimes indefinitely, of psychotropic substances for treating psychological reactions to social pressure, without a diagnosis for a specific disorder.
The Narcotics Board's recently published Annual Report for last year is a detailed review of how drugs to treat psychological disorders, including depression, aggressive behavior, and overeating are often given hastily, and without considering the underlying causes of the patients' problems.
Carol was a compulsive eater who never felt full. She reached 18 stone, that's more than 115 kilos. She was prescribed the slimming drug Adifax, which used only to be available as an emergency treatment for just a few days, but is now prescribed over long periods.
Another controversial area for the use of drug therapy involves badly behaved children. In America, young people suffering from depression are increasingly being given the drug Prozac. For many children, some as young as 7, it provides instant relief from frightening dreams, and suicidal feelings. But, dangers are emerging. The drug works by increasing production in the brain of the chemical serotonin, but we don't know the long-term effect of that, especially in children.
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And an even more contentious area is what's called Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). Ten-year-old Reese has been diagnosed with learning difficulties by an educational psychologist. He's also prone to lose his temper quickly, and be aggressive. His parents found a consultant who was willing to try Ritalin, a power amphetamine. Ritalin has helped Reese to control his temper, and he's doing better at school.
Professor Steven Rose from Britain's Oakland University is worried that advances in biochemistry are being used to mask what children really need -- more discipline or more care. And Professor Rose is afraid that Western culture is now so wedded to pharmaceutical answers, patients and parents are unwilling to accept that drugs are not the answer to everything. B.
1. How does the time credit system -- \"Time Banking\" -- work?
Patients are linked together with a time broker who involves them in projects to build up time credits.
2. What is the advantage of \"Time Banking\"
Where money is short, this kind of time credit system can bring people with social problems a lot of benefit.
3. What do themes like \"Time Banking\" remind us of?
Themes like that do remind us that chemicals are only part of the answer to social problems, and a well-functioning society must be the background to any therapy. Loneliness, low self-esteem and anger need to be seen as problems of relationship, not just brain chemistry.
Tapescript:
It's up to doctors to monitor the use of drugs and to be sure they are prescribing them for the right reasons and not to keep patients quiet, but at the same time, we should recognize drugs can make a big difference and not condemn their increased use, either as a plot by
pharmaceutical companies, or as a shortcut by busy doctors. That doesn't answer the problem of time. One simple and revolutionary idea has emerged from a doctor in South London.
\"He was really sick and tried of prescribing anti-depressants for people's loneliness and anxiety and he thought there must be a way we can do something better than this; why aren't we prescribing time\"
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Sarah Burns is from the New Economics Foundation, a reform group based in London. She's been working with that doctor and with a growing number of others to develop what's called \"Time Banking.\" Patients who need more human contact to help them with their difficulties are linked together by a time broker who involves them in projects to build up time credits.
Where money is short, as in any state-funded health service, this kind of time credit system can bring people with social problems a lot of benefit.
Themes like that do remind us that chemicals are only part of the answer to social problems, and a well-functioning society must be the background to any therapy. Loneliness, low self-esteem and anger need to be seen as problems of relationship, not just brain chemistry.
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