句子成分: 主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语 一、主语: 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more
popular. (名词)
We often speak English in class. (代词)
One-third of the students in this class are girls. (数词) To swim in the river is a great pleasure. (不定式短语) Smoking does harm to the health. (动名词) The rich should help the poor. (名词化的形容词)
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. (主语从句)
It is necessary to master a foreign language. (it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)
It is reported that 5000 people were killed in the earthquake. (it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的主语从句)
二、谓语: 谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:
He practices running every morning. （动词或动词短语） You may keep the book for two weeks. （情态动词+V原）
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He has caught a bad cold. （助动词+V） We are students. （系动词+表语） 三、表语: 表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如: Our teacher of English is an American. (名词) Is it yours? (代词) The weather has turned cold. (形容词) The speech is exciting. (分词) Three times seven is twenty one? (数词) His job is to teach English. (不定式) His hobby (爱好) is playing football.(动名词) The machine must be out of order. (介词短语) Time is up. The class is over. (副词) The truth is that he has never been abroad. (表语从句) 四、宾语: 宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者, 一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 They went to see an exhibition(展览) yesterday. (名词) The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. (代词) How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. (数词)
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They helped the old with their housework yesterday. (名词化形容词) He pretended not to see me. (不定式短语) I enjoy listening to popular music. (动名词短语) I think (that) he is not suitable for this post. (宾语从句) Lend me(间接宾语) your dictionary(直接宾语), please. (双宾语) They elected him(宾语) their monitor(宾补). (复合宾语) 五、宾语补足语: 英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般是某些及物动词 (如see /watch/ observe/ notice/ hear/ feel/ make/ find/ name/ call/ elect/ have/ get/leave/ keep等+宾语+宾补)和with+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。 His father named him Dongming. (名词) They painted their boat white. (形容词) Let the fresh air in. (副词) You mustn't force him to lend his money to you. (不定式短语) We saw her entering the room. (现在分词) I have to have my hair cut.（过去分词） We found everything in the lab in good order. (介词短语) We will soon make our city what your city is now. (从句) 六、定语: 修饰名词或代词。
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Guilin is a beautiful city. (形容词) China is a developing country; America is a developed country. (分词) There are thirty women teachers is our school. (名词) His rapid progress in English made us surprised. (代词) Our monitor is always the first to get to the school. (不定式短语) The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. (动名词) He is reading an article about how to learn English. (介词短语) The building being repaired is our library. (现在分词短语) The building completed last month is our library. (过去分词短语) The news that you told me yesterday is really exciting.（从句） 七、状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分. Light travels most quickly.(副词及副词性词组) He has lived in the city for ten years.(介词短语) He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.(不定式短语) He is in the room, making a model plane.(分词短语) Wait a minute.(名词) Once you begin, you must continue.(状语从句) 状语种类如下:
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How about meeting again at six?(时间状语) Last night she didn't go to the dance party because of the rain.(原因状语) I shall go there if it doesn't rain.(条件状语) Mr Smith lives on the third floor.(地点状语) She put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式状语) She came in with a dictionary in her hand.(伴随状语) In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.(目的状语) He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(结果状语) She works very hard though she is old.(让步状语) I am taller than he is.(比较状语) 八、同位语: 解释说明前面另一个名词或代词 I’m Li Hua, president of Students’ Union of our university. （名词短语） Mr Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. （名词短语） We Chinese people are brave and hardworking. （名词短语） The news that he passed the driving test surprised us. （从句）
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不定式 （do/to do）
非谓语动词 分词（现在分词doing, 过去分词done） 动名词（doing）
考点1 非谓语动词作状语 ★★★★★ 1. 不定式作状语 功 能 用法 原因状语 多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后 目的状语 可与so as to/in order to替换, 但so as to一般不可置于句首 结果状语 常表示意想不到的结果, 常用only to do I was satisfied to hear the news. (原因状语) To meet the movie star I got up very early. (目的状语) I rushed to school only to find nobody was there. (结果状语) 不定式表结果的固定结构:
only/just to. . . ; too. . . to. . . ; so/such …as to. . . ;
. . . enough(for sb. )to. . . He was too scared to say a word.
The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus. I’m not such a fool as to believe that.
I was lucky enough to be employed(雇佣) as a secretary(秘书).
2. 分词作状语
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功能 现在分词作状语, 用来表时间、条件、原因、伴随、结果等 功能 过去分词作状语, 用来表时间、条件、原因、伴随等 源于系表结构的部分过去分词作状语, 不表示被动关系,表示句子主语所处的一种状态 用法 现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系, 且含有进行之意 用法 过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系, 且含有完成之意 常见的有: seated(坐在……)、hidden(躲藏于……)、located(位于……) 、buried in(埋头于……专心于……)、devoted to(奉献于…)、lost/absorbed in(全神贯注于…，沉浸于…)、born in(出身于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦了)、faced with（面临……）、addicted to(沉溺于……)、occupied in(忙于……) accustomed to(习惯于……)等 Hearing (hear) the good news, he jumped with great joy. Not knowing (know) what to do, I had to wait here. The girls came in, following (follow) their parents. The teacher came in, followed (follow) by some students. Seen (see) from the hill, the city looks like a garden. Seeing (see) from the hill, we can enjoy the view of the city.
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Given (give) more attention, the children could have grown better.
Absorbed (absorb) in reading, we all didn’t hear the sound. Having driven (drive) all day, we were rather tired. 【点津】①把握分词与句子逻辑主语之间的关系, 区别现在分词与过去分词; ②不定式作结果状语为主观上意想不到的结果, 现在分词作结果状语为客观上、顺其自然而产生的结果;
The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children. ③准确理解形容词化的过去分词作状语的用法;
④如果分词的动作和句子主语之间是主动关系, 同时分词动作发生在谓语动词之前时， 则用完成式having done。
Not having finished her work in time, she was fired by her boss.
⑤分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。
Her father being ill (Because her father was ill), she had to stay at home to look after him.
Weather permitting (=If weather permits), we are going to visit you tomorrow.
3. 有些分词或不定式短语作状语, 其形式的选择不受上下文的影响。常见的有:
generally speaking 一般来说 frankly speaking 坦白地说 judging from/by. . . 根据……来判断 considering. . . /taking. . . into consideration 考虑到……
to tell (you) the truth 说实话
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to be honest 老实说 supposing / suppose that… 假设, 如果 assuming that… 假使 provided/providing that. . . 如果 考点2 非谓语动词作定语 ★★★★
定语形式 1.现在分词一般式doing 2.现在分词一般式的被动结构being done 3.过去分词一般式done 4.动词不定式to do 5.动词不定式一般式的被动结构to be done 1. The boy sitting by the window is Tom.
2. The matter being discussed now is of great importance. 3. So far nobody has claimed (认领) the money discovered in the library.
4. There is nothing to worry about. Please give me a knife to cut with. She is now looking for a room to live in.
5. The conference to be held next year is about global environment.
功能 表示动作是主动进行的行为或者正在进行当中 表示动作是被动行为且正在进行当中 表示动作是被动完成的行为或者单纯表示已经完成 表示将要发生的动作 表示将要被做的动作
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【点津】①准确判定非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系; ②准确判定非谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间, 即是正在进行或已经完成还是将要发生。 考点3 非谓语动词作补语 ★★★
1. 在“看、听、感觉”的感官动词see, watch, observe, notice, hear, feel等后面的宾语补足语常见的有三种非谓语动词形式(do/doing/done)。do表主动和完成(被动句中要加to), doing表主动或正在进行, done表被动或完成。 He is often heard to sing the song.
The missing boy was last seen playing near the river. They once heard the song sung in English.
2. 动词make, have, get, leave, keep, find后可接非谓语动词形式作补语。即动词+宾语+宾补
To make himself heard by the students at the back of the classroom, he spoke as loudly as he could.
Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. He always works hard.
What made him so frightened? have sb. do sth. 让某人做某事
have sb./sth. doing 让某人或某物一直做某事（使……处于某种状态）
have sth. done/ get sth. done 请人做某事; 主语遭遇到某事
Peter had the computer fixed, because he doesn’t know much about computers.
We had the fire burning all day. 我们让火燃烧了一整天。 Don’t forget to have Mr. Brown come to our party.
get sb. to do sth.
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get sth.done.
Can you get us to do the experiment? I must get my bike repaired.
leave sth.done. 使某人/某物处于某种状态
leave sb./sth.doing sth. He hurried to school, leaving the breakfast untouched. Don’t leave her waiting outside in the rain. keep sb./sth. doing 让某人/某物一直…… keep sb./sth. done(adj.)
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.不好意思让你久等了。 Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her friends amused with her stories.
She found a wallet lying on the ground.
They found the street lined with people.他们发现大街两侧站着人。
3. 固定短语, 如advise/ ask/ tell/ order/ force/ allow/ encourage/ request/ would like/ want/ require/ warn sb. to do sth. 等。
4. with复合结构常用形式:
sb./sth. doing (表主动且进行，或表特征) with sth. done （表被动且完成，或表状态） sth. to do （表将来）
John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it.
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly elected president is having a hard time.
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With the little boy leading the way, we had no difficulty finding the village.
【点津】①注意作补足语的三种非谓语动词形式to do, doing, done之间的区别, 把握动作是主动、被动还是进行。
②具体分析作宾语补足语的动词与逻辑主语即句子宾语之间的逻辑关系, 再结合动作发生的时间(未发生、正在发生或已经发生)来选择合适的形式。
考点4 非谓语动词作宾语 ★★★ 非谓语动词中能作宾语的有动名词和不定式:
1. 只能跟动名词作宾语的动词和短语: suggest, imagine（想象）, mind（介意）, admit（承认）, resist（抵制）practice, allow, advise, risk（冒险）, keep, avoid（避免）, escape（逃脱）, enjoy, consider（考虑）, appreciate(感激)，
excuse（原谅）, finish, miss（错过）,give up dong sth.（放弃）,be worth doing(值得做某事), delay doing sth.(延迟)， put off doing sth.(推迟)，deny doing （否认）,insist on doing sth.（坚持）, keep on doing sth.(不断做某事)，look forward to doing sth., feel like doing sth. （想做做事）, get down to doing sth.,（着手做某事） object to doing sth.（反对做某事）, can’t help doing sth., can’t stand doing, lead to doing, have trouble/difficulty in doing sth.(做某事有困难)，be fond of…等。
2. 只能跟不定式作宾语的动词: afford, wish, hope, decide, refuse, promise, pretend, manage, plan, fail, choose, would like, want, expect, learn, offer, agree等
3. 既可用动名词作宾语、又可跟不定式作宾语的动词和短语: ①like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, begin, start,
continue后面接doing或 to do都行，意思无太大差别。表示一种倾向用doing，表示某一特定的或具体的行为用to do. ②remember, forget, regret, stop, go on, mean, try后面接to do或doing意思不同。
forget to do sth. 忘记要去做某事 （此事未做）
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forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事 （此事已做过或已发生） I forgot to tell you about it. Now here it is. I forgot giving it to you yesterday.
stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事 （另外一件事） stop doing sth. 停止做某事 （正在做的事） He stopped to listen to her talking. It has stopped raining.
remember to do sth. 记住去做某事 （未做） remember doing sth. 记得做过某事 （已做）
Remember to turn off the lights before you go to bed. I remember seeing her once somewhere.
regret to do sth. 对将要做的事抱歉/感到遗憾
(常跟say, tell, inform等)
regret doing sth. 对做过的事后悔
We regret to inform you that your application has not been successful. 我很遗憾地告知你你的申请没有成功。 I regret not having worked hard. 我后悔没努力学习 try to do sth. 设法做某事 try doing sth. 尝试做某事
We must try to get everything done. He tried changing his unhealthy lifestyle. mean to do sth. 打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着…… I had meant to go on Monday.
That will mean flooding some farmland.
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go on to do sth. 继续做某事(去做另外一件事) go on doing sth. 继续做(原来没有做完的事)
After they read the text, the students went on to do the exercises.
After having a rest, I went on doing my homework. 4. it作形式宾语, 代替真正作宾语的动词不定式或动名词。 I think it important to learn English well.
5. 有些动词(teach, decide, wonder, show, learn, forget, know, ask等) 后可以接 “疑问词+不定式”.
Yao Ming learnt how to play basketball when he was young. We haven’t decided where to go this weekend. 考点5 非谓语动词作主语、表语或其他 ★★ 1. 非谓语动词中能作主语的有动名词和不定式。
(1)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性动作, 不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作。
(2)it作形式主语, 代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动名词。常见句型有: It is+ adj./n. +to do sth. It takes sb. some time to do sth. It is no use/good + doing sth.(做某事没有用/没有好处)等。
2. 非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和不定式。注意现在分词作表语意为“令人感到……的”, 而过去分词作表语意为“本身感到……的”。 My job is to teach English. His hobby is playing basketball.
The news was exciting and we were excited the whole night. 3. 动词不定式在but（表“除了”）后面时，如果前面谓语动词有行为动词do的各种形式时，后面不定式不带to. 否则要带to. He could do nothing but cry.
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What can you do but take back what you said? 除了收回你的话外，你还能做什么？ 几个含but的句型:
can’t help but do sth. 只能做某事，不得不做…… When a close friend dies, we can’t help but feel sad. (不能不难过)
can’t choose but do sth. 只能做某事
I can’t choose but obey. 我无从选择只能服从。 have no choice but to do sth. 除了做……外别无选择 She had no choice but to wait.
非谓语形式习题
1. (2014·天津高考)Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only (find)it didn’t fit. 2. (2014·福建高考)____________(spend)the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
3. (2014·湖南高考)_______(free)ourselves from the physical and mental tensions, we each need deep thought and inner quietness.
4. (2014·天津高考)Clearly and thoughtfully _______ (write), the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
5. (2014·四川高考)—I hope to take the computer course. —Good idea. _______(find)out more about it, visit this website.
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6. (2014·重庆高考)Group activities will be organized after class ______ (help) children develop team spirit. 7. (2012·四川高考)Tom took a taxi to the airport, only ______ (find)his plane high up in the sky.
8. (2014·山东高考)There’s a note pinned to the door______ (say)when the shop will open again.
9. (2014·北京高考)There are still many problems __________ (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon. 10. (2014·大纲版全国卷)Today there are more airplanes
________ (carry)more people than ever before in the skies. 11. (2014·浙江高考)Annie Salmon, disabled, is attended throughout her school days by a nurse _________ (appoint)to guard her.
12. (2014·北京高考)Last night, there were millions of people ________ (watch)the opening ceremony live on TV. 13. (2014·重庆高考)The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras ________ (return)to our shop for quality problems.
14. (2013·辽宁高考)Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail _______ (wait)for her.
15. (2013·天津高考)In some languages, 100 words make up half of all words ____ (use)in daily conversations. 16. (2013·陕西高考)The witnesses __________ (question)by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
17.(2014·江西高考)He is thought (act)foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job. 18. (2014·四川高考)The manager was satisfied to see many new products _________ (develop)after great effort.
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19. (2013·陕西高考)Let those in need __________ (understand) that we will go all out to help them. 20. (2013·北京高考)When we saw the road _______
(block)with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home. 21. (2012·辽宁高考)The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog ________ (follow)them. 22. (2014·陕西高考)It’s quite hot today. Do you feel like _______ (go)for a swim?
23. (2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about _____ (be)late for school. 24. (2014·北京高考)The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without _______________(recognize).
25. (2014·辽宁高考)Keep _______ (hold)your position for a while. It helps develop your strength and flexibility. 26. (2014·江西高考)When it comes to ________ (speak)in public, no one can match him.
27. (2013·上海高考)Young people may risk _____ (go) deaf if they are exposed to very loud music every day.
28. (2013·江苏高考)Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and _____________(reduce)to ruins, the city took on a new look.
29. (2012·安徽高考)I remembered ______(lock)the door
before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights. 30.(2014·福建高考)For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying (connect).
31. (2014·广东高考)We got a little __________________
(sunburn), but the day had been so relaxing that we didn’t mind.
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32. (2014·湖南高考)_____________(understand)your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
33. (2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)It took years of work
________(reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.
34. (2014·山东高考)It’s standard practice for a company like this one _________(employ)a security officer. 35. (2013·浙江高考)________ (hear)how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure. 36. (2013·重庆高考)The engine just won’t start. Something seems ____________ (go)wrong with it.
37. (2012·陕西高考)If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but _______(meet)an even greater challenge. 38. Volunteering gives you a chance ________ (change) lives, including your own.
39. My cousin came to see me from the country, ________ (bring)me a full basket of fresh fruits.
40. (2015·银川模拟)—Robert is indeed a wise man. —Oh, yes. How I regretted ________ (not take)his advice. 41. Jim was about to stand up when he saw something ________ (move)near his feet. It’s a snake!
42. Though ________ (surprise)to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome.
43. ________ (give)more attention, the flowers could have grown better.
44. (2015·邯郸模拟)Helena was excited, just as I had imagined, ________ (find)her lost pet.
45. (2015·大连模拟)Do you know the boy ________ (lie)under the big tree?
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46. He is thought ________ (invent)the first telephone in the world.
47. (2015·锦州模拟)The squirrel was lucky that it just missed ________ (catch).
48. (2015·石家庄模拟) ________ (know)basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies. 49. It’s no use ________ (complain)without taking action. 50. We’ve had a good start, but next, more work needs ________ (do)to achieve the final success.
51. We’re having a meeting in half an hour. The decision ________ (make)at the meeting will influence the future of our company.
52. The room is empty except for a bookshelf ________ (stand)in one corner.
53. ________ (stay)warm at night, I would fill the
woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.
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