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中国海洋大学2012英语翻译基础模拟试题及答案

2022-01-13 来源:爱问旅游网


中国海洋大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试模拟试题

《英语翻译基础》模拟试题

I.

Directions: Translate the following words, abbreviations or terminology into their target language respectively. There are altogether 30 items in this part of the test, 15 in English and 15 in Chinese, with one point for each. (30’)

1. CBD 2. CNN 3. DNA 4. DTV 5. FAO 6. GPS 7. IPR 8. ICRC 9. ISBN

10. World Anti-Doping Agency 11. International Bar Association

12. Synchronous Earth Observatory Satellite 13. foreign exchange reserve 14. export tax refunding system 15. International Dairy Federation 16. 孔庙 17. 三农 18. 核威慑 19. 优先股 20. 京剧脸谱 21. 走私文物 22. 弱势群体 23. 人才市场 24. 生态农业 25. 安居工程 26. 中国大陆 27. 再就业工程 28. 人民币汇率

29. 黑社会性质组织 30. 和平共处五项原则

II. Directions: Translate the following two source texts into their target language respectively. If the source text is in English, its target language is Chinese. If the

source text is in Chinese, its target language is English. (120’) Source Text 1:

The art of living is to know when to hold fast and when to let go. For life is a paradox: it enjoins us to cling to its many gifts even while it ordains their eventual relinquishment. The rabbis of old put it this way: “A man comes to this world with his fist clenched, but when he dies, his hand is open.” Surely we ought to hold fast to our life. For it is wondrous, and full of a beauty that breaks through every pore of God’s own earth. We know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember what it was and then suddenly realize that it is no more. We remember a beauty that faded, a love that waned. But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.

Hold fast to life——but not so fast that you cannot let go. This is the second side of life’s coin, the opposite pole of its paradox: we must accept our losses, and learn how to let go. This is not an easy lesson to learn, especially when we are young and think that the world is ours to command, that whatever we desire with the full force of our passionate being can, nay, will be ours. But then life moves along to confront us with realities, and slowly but surely this truth dawns upon us. At every stage of life we sustain losses——and grow in the process. We begin our independent lives only when we emerge from the womb and lose its protective shelter. We enter a progression of schools, then we leave our mothers and fathers and our childhood homes. We get married and have children and then have to let them go. We confront the death of our parents and spouses. We face the gradual or not so gradual waning of our own strength. And ultimately, as the parable of the open and closed hand suggests, we must confront the inevitability of our own demise, losing ourselves, as it were, all that we were or dreamed to be. (374 words)

【Note】原文作者是美国犹太人联合会主席John Boynton Priestley,有删节。 【Key words】rabbis: (rabbi的复数)犹太教经师,音译“拉比”。parable(譬喻、寓言)。

Source Text 2:

汉语是中国各民族共同使用的语言、联合国正式语文和工作语言之一,又是世界上历史最悠久、发展水平最高的语言之一,有文字可考的历史不少于6 000年。无论过去或现在,汉语在国内外都有很大的影响,具有很重要的地位。当今

世界出现汉语热,一是因为中华民族历史悠久,有着光辉灿烂的文化, 对人类进步做出过巨大贡献;更是因为30年来中国中国实行改革开放,综合国力大大提升,与中国打交道、对中国文化感兴趣的国家、国际组织和人员日益增多。学习汉语也就成为深入了解中国的必由之路。

任何语言都与经济和文化分不开。经济和文化发展的国家,其语言所起的作用十分重要。在过去20年里,中国的国内生产总值年均增长9.7%,未来的中国经济还将持续增长。“汉语热”的兴起,表明世界对中国未来发展的预期越来越好。可以预言,随着中国经济的进一步发展和国际地位的日益提高,世界上学习汉语和中国文化的人数还会不断增加。(377字)

《英语翻译基础》样题参考答案

I. 词语翻译

1. CBD中央商务区(Central Business District)

2. CNN美国有线电视新闻网(Cable News Network) 3. DNA脱氧核糖核酸(Deoxyribonucleic Acid) 4. DTV数字电视digital television

5. FAO(联合国)粮食与农业组织(Food and Agriculture Organization) 6. GPS全球(卫星)定位系统(Global Positioning System) 7. IPR知识产权(Intellectual Property Rights)

8. ICRC国际红十字协会(International Committee of the Red Cross) 9. ISBN国际标准书号(International Standard Book Number) 10. World Anti-Doping Agency世界反兴奋剂组织 11. International Bar Association国际律师协会

12. Synchronous Earth Observatory Satellite同步地球观测卫星 13. foreign exchange reserve外汇储备

14. export tax refunding system出口退税制

15. International Dairy Federation国际乳品业联合会 16. 孔庙Confucius Temple

17. 三农agriculture, rural areas and farmers 18. 核威慑 nuclear deterrence 19. 优先股preference stock

20. 京剧脸谱Peking opera makeups 21. 走私文物smuggled artifacts 22. 弱势群体disadvantaged groups 23. 人才市场human resources pool

24. 生态农业environment(ally)-friendly agriculture 25. 安居工程Affordable Housing Program

26. 中国大陆China’s mainland/the mainland of China 27. 再就业工程re-employment project

28. 人民币汇率 renminbi/RMB xchange rate 29. 黑社会性质组织mafia-like criminal gangs

30. 和平共处五项原则Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence

II. 段落翻译 英译汉:

生活的艺术在于懂得何时要抓住,何时该放手。因为人生就是矛盾一场:它要你抓住生命的种种恩赐不放手,却又要让你最终一一放弃。古时的犹太教拉比则说:“人,降世时拳头攥紧,离世时两手松开。”我们无疑应该抓住人生,因为

人生令人惊奇,它充满一种美,这美展露于上帝创造的每一寸土地上。我们明白确实如此,却往往在回首时才幡然醒悟,过去的一切我们依然记得,但突然明白那一切已不复存在。我们会记起的,是一种凋谢的美,一份逝去的爱。当美绽放时我们并没有去留意这份美,当爱意浓浓时我们未能报之以爱。回想这些,我们会更加心痛。

牢牢抓住人生,但不要抓得太紧,免得到时候不能放手。放手是人生硬币的另一面,是人生矛盾的另一极:我们必须接受失去并学会放手。这个道理不易体悟,尤其当你风华正茂时,你以为这个世界由你掌握,你以为凭着青春的活力和激情,渴望什么就能够、就会得到什么。然而,人生的步伐把你带到现实之中,人生的真相缓慢地、却必然要摆在你的面前。在人生的每个阶段我们都要承受失去,而我们就是在此过程中得以成长。我们在脱离母体、失去其保护后才开始独立的生活。我们从一所学校毕业,又进入另一所学校,然后离开父母,离开儿时的家;我们结婚、生子,之后又不得不放飞子女。我们要面对父母的逝去和配偶的离去,面对体力或缓慢或迅速丧失的现实。正如攥手和松手的譬喻所示,我们最终要面对不可避免的死亡,放弃自我,或者说放弃曾经拥有的或梦想拥有的一切。(600字) 汉译英:

Chinese is a language used by people of all the nationalities in China and is one of the official and working languages in the United Nations. It is also among the world's most highly developed languages with the longest history, a recorded history of at least 6, 000 years. Whether in the past or at present, the Chinese language has had great influence both at home and abroad and occupied a prominent position. The current worldwide interest in learning Chinese is attributable to the long history of the Chinese nation, its glorious and magnificent culture and its tremendous contribution to human progress. More importantly, as China's overall national strength has grown in the course of reform and opening-up over the last three decades, more and more countries, international organizations and peope come into contace with China and take interest in Chinese culture. For them, learning the Chinese language has become the only road to a profound understanding of China.

No language is separable from the economic and cultural environment where it is used. The language of a nation which is well developed in economy and culture plays a very important role. In the past 20 years, on the average Chinas GDP has increased by 9.7 percent annually, and in the years to come China's economy will continue to grow. An upsurge of enthusiasm in learning Chinese indicates that the world is placing greater and greater expectations on the future development of China. It may well be predicted that with the further development of China's economy and the rise of its international status, an ever-increasing number of peope around the world will take to studying the Chinese language and culture.(279 words)

答题提示

I.

词语翻译

【答题解读】这部分考试时间很充足,应尽快将熟悉的词语翻译答完,不熟悉的或者一时想不起来的词语翻译,可留待做完段落翻译后再做或者猜答。 考生看到15个英译汉术语、缩略语或专有名词,要想到它们是涉及国际政治、经济、文化、科技等领域的现代语汇,缩略语是该缩略语全称最为常见,或者说在当今媒体使用频率较多的含义,而且一般都有固定的汉语翻译。

【备战策略】建议考生参考附有常见英文缩略语及其全称、翻译的相关词典,集中记忆一些缩略语。也可以在互联网上查阅或搜寻常见缩略语,重点掌握这些缩略语常用的含义及其翻译。拓宽阅读英语原文和汉译英文本的种类,比如阅读China Daily、Beijing Weekly、English World等报刊、杂志,留意和掌握重点英语术语、专名和新名词,了解和记忆汉语新名词英译的固定表达法、公认表达法、最新表达法,准确记忆,扩展词汇量。

【翻译提示】15个汉译英语汇涉及近年来中国社会各领域涌现的新语汇,在对外宣传材料或媒体中逐渐形成较为合理、正确、固定的译法。如“优先股”不宜译为preferred share,因为已经有了其定译preference stock。翻译“京剧脸谱”,不译出“脸”(facial),“脸谱”指英文的makeup,“京”(剧)不译为Beijing (opera)。“弱势群体”不译笼统译为 the disadvantaged,应译为disadvantaged groups,因为已成定译。“人才市场”不宜译为the personnel market,定译是human resources pool。“生态农业”不宜简单译为eco-agriculture,定译是environment(ally)-friendly agriculture。“安居工程”不宜译为Comfortable Housing Project,因为comfortable令人费解,宜采用现成的英文表达法 Affordable Housing Program。“中国大陆”的准确英文是China’s mainland或the mainland of China,不宜译为mainland China,因为会产生歧义(除了这个China还有另外的China?)。“黑社会性质组织”简单套用mafia容易引起误解,因为该词指社会黑帮,尤指黑手党,源自西西里岛西部,近年发展到美国。译为mafia-like criminal gangs符合(中国的)实际情况。

II.段落翻译

【答题解读】无论是英译汉还是汉译英,出现在试卷上的段落一般会比考试大纲的规定的篇幅稍微长一点。考察点或“采分点”一般分布在4个层面,各占15分。

1、词汇翻译的准确性,包括短语、成语的正确理解和翻译,根据表达需要作出恰当的略译和加译,做到简洁而不失细腻。英译汉段落原文一般涉及西方文化、思维方式或价值观念,含有个别生词。从上下文理解和翻译生词也是考察考生翻译能力的一个方面。汉译英段落原文一般含有中国文化、时事新闻或中国情趣。新词语的理解和翻译也在考察范围。

2、句子翻译的技巧性,包括英汉互译的句式转换、英译汉的长句拆译,汉

译英的句式整合,两类译文在句式表达上的变通手法和简繁得当。

3、段落翻译的灵活性,体现出句子间适当、灵活的衔接与呼应手段。在这个层次上可以有合理的略译、加译,译文应保持整体的效果。

4、风格传达的整体性,整篇译文要体现出译者的文体意识,准确传达原文本的精神适当体现个人一致的翻译或译写风格。

【备战策略】系统学习至少一套高质量的英汉翻译和一套汉英翻译教材,了解一些基本的翻译理论,熟悉不同文体和语篇的翻译要点,从中掌握尽量多的翻译技巧,认真完成书中的翻译练习,对照参考译文找出差别,从中得到提高。广泛阅读时事政治、社会热点、经济、文化、科技等各类题材、中等难度以上的英语报道或配有译文的汉语文本,认真体会其中的互译技巧、变通手法和创造性翻译,培养语篇翻译意识,注重译文的整体效果。选择适中的英语和汉语原文亲自动手,亲身体会翻译的过程,认识把握全局和修改译文的重要性。一般分三步做:(1)通读原文,先不下笔,将容易译出的部分做好“腹稿”,标记翻译难点和句子。(2)下笔翻译,做出草稿,对难点进行重点思索,反复斟酌,体现出自己的翻译水平,直到比较满意为止。(3)修改不甚满意的地方,润泽全篇译文,最后定稿。切忌“拿来就翻”,切记“整体效果”!

【翻译提示】

英译汉:好的文章也叫“美文”,不仅体现在作者的措词、用句和修辞上,而且还透露在由词、句和修辞共同烘托出来的精神气质上。本段就称得上这样的美文,所以,要求翻译的“内容”有三个方面:语言事实(discourse facts)、修辞手段(rhetorical devices)和精神气质(spiritual highlights)。本段的翻译主要有以下4个考察点或“采分点”:

1、 考察表达理解和表达关键词、较陌生词和词组的功夫。如enjoin和ordain(都含有“命令”的意思),relinquishment(放弃),every pore(本意是“每个毛孔”,这里指“每一寸土地”),nay(在本段中并非“不是”而是“而且”的意思),parable(譬喻;寓言),demise(死亡)。our passionate being 指的是“我们充满活力和激情的身体”。a progression of schools指的是读书求学过程,可以做“细腻化”处理:“从一所学校毕业,又进入另一所学校”。短语as it were的意思是“或者说”、“也就是”。

2、 考察译者对原文长句的“拆译”和译文“重组”的功夫。We know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember what it was and then suddenly realize that it is no more. 可译为:我们明白确实如此,却往往在回首时才幡然醒悟,过去的一切我们仍然记得,但突然明白那一切已不复存在。我们会记起的,是一种凋谢的美,一份逝去的爱。When指“回首时”,译文里不必要出现其翻译,汉语的“流水句”会自然连接起主句和分句。But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered. 可译为:当美绽放时我们并没有去留意这份美,当爱意浓浓时我们未能报之以爱。回想这些,我们会更加心痛。将原文的状语with greater pain转换成译文的语义重心,符合汉语的表达习惯。

3、 考察忠实原文语义和再现风格的功夫。如to know when to hold fast and

when to let go. 要达到在语义上“忠实”于原文,就应直译而不是意译,保留原文“手”的比喻,所以可译为“懂得何时要抓住、何时应放手。传译犹太拉比的话要有“经学家”的口吻,应体现“哲理”的语气和“警句”的凝练,使用对仗的汉语句式,不宜是松散的口语化风格。A man comes to this world with his fist clenched, but when he dies, his hand is open.可译作:人,降世时两手攥紧,离世时两手松开。翻译时不仅要再现原文的形式之美,还需要一定的文采。如We remember a beauty that faded, a love that waned. 可译作:我们会记起的,是一种凋谢的美,一份逝去的爱。此外,再现原文的节奏也很重要。But then/ life moves along/ to confront us/ with realities, / and slowly but surely/ this truth/ dawns upon us. 可译为:然而,/人生的步伐/把你带到/现实之中,/人生的真相/缓慢地、却必然要/摆在/你的面前。

4、 传达原文的“精神气质”。主题句life is a paradox,需要根据上下文理解。因为本文讲的是从生命开始到结束这个“过程”中“取”与“舍”的艺术,所以a paradox落在“过程”一词上:生命是一个充满矛盾的过程,或者更凝练一些:“人生就是矛盾一场”。再如翻译we leave our mothers and fathers and our childhood homes,要传达“家”的温馨感:然后离开父母,离开儿时的家。翻译We confront the death of our parents and spouses一句,应传达处“人生的悲凉和无奈”之感,通过重复动词、选择恰当的搭配来实现:我们要面对父母的逝去和配偶的离去。段首和段末都提及“攥手”和“放手”的譬喻,译文要做到首尾的呼应。段末一句含有对首段主题句的对应,要传达出来:正如攥手和松手的譬喻所示,我们最终要面对不可避免的死亡,放弃自我,或者说放弃曾经拥有的或梦想拥有的一切。

还有几点需要注意:

1、死板的翻译、松散的翻译,都会丢分。如“我们”、“我们的”不断出现,将第一句翻译成“活着的艺术就是要明白什么时候要抓紧什么时候要放开”。

2、过度的意译也丢分。如第一句已成“活着的艺术就是要拿得起放得下”,甚至译成“活着的艺术就是要看准时机,有取有舍”。

3、丧失原文重要的比喻或意象,会丢分。如a beauty that faded(一种凋谢的美), a love that waned(一份逝去的爱), beauty when it flowered(当美绽放时), life’s coin(人生硬币)。没有完整译完或者存在未译、漏译、翻译不完整的句子,要酌情扣分。

4、在基本忠实原文语义的基础上适当“创译”,是应予鼓励的。如full of a beauty that breaks through every pore of God’s own earth,可灵活翻译为:充满一种美,这美展露于上帝创造的每一寸土地上。还可适当转换原文中we的人称视角,这种视角的转换不仅不影响原文语义的传达,也符合汉语的行文,显得灵活、灵动。如:For life is a paradox: it enjoins us to cling to its many gifts even while it ordains their eventual relinquishment.可译为:因为人生就是矛盾一场:它要你抓住生命的种种恩赐不放手,却又要让你最终一一放弃。This is not an easy lesson to learn, especially when we are young and think that the world is ours to command, that whatever we desire with the full force of our passionate being can, nay, will be ours. But then life moves along to confront us with realities, and slowly but surely this truth dawns upon us. 这个道理不易体悟,尤其当你风华正茂时会以为这个世界由你掌握,你以为凭着青春的活力和激情,渴望什么就能够、就会得到什么。然而,人生的步伐把你带到现实之中,人生的真相缓慢地、却必然要摆在你的面前。

汉译英:4个考察点或采分点:

1、 单词翻译的准确性。如“正式语文”:official language,不是formal language。“文字可考的历史”:a recorded history. 不出现“文字”的翻译。 “汉语热”:enthusiasm/fervor/interest in learning Chinese.不宜用craze, fever, fad等表示“一时狂热”的词。 “打交道”:come into contact with.“综合国力”:overall national strength.不宜用表示“强国”的power一词。“国际地位”:international status. 不宜用单纯表示“位置”的position.

2、 正确的汉英句型转换,避免Chinglish。如“经济和文化发展的国家,其语言所起的作用十分重要。”The language of a nation which is well developed in economy and culture plays a very important role. “中国的国内生产总值年均增长9.7%”: on the average China's GDP has increased by 9.7 percent annually. “可以预言”要使用被动语态:It may well be predicted that...不能译为:We can predict...“世界上学习汉语和中国文化的人数还会不断增加”:要译出“学习汉语”这一语义重心:an ever-increasing number of people around the world will take to studying the Chinese language and culture. 不宜强调“人数增加”,如the number of people learning Chinese language and culture around the world will increase.是不可取的。

3、 英语表达上的灵活、呼应。如原文里两个“之一”可分别译成one of the.... 和among the...“一是因为”与“更是因为”:前者可以不出现“一是”,而在后一句译出“更是”予以呼应:More importantly. “又是世界上历史最悠久、发展水平最高的语言之一,有文字可考的历史不少于6 000年。”翻译这个句子是,从英语表达和修辞角度考虑,宜对汉语的语序做适当调整。把“历史最悠久”与“发展水平最高”的位置对调。这样“历史最悠久”就可以同后面的“有文字可考的历史”在意义上连结更紧密,也更自然,并且把后面整个句子处理成英语的同位语:It is also among the world's most highly developed languages with the longest history, a recorded history of at least 6, 000 years.

4、 读出原文“字里行间”的含义,做出细腻的表达。如“任何语言都与经济和文化分不开。”如果按照字面把此句译成Any language is inseparable from economy and culture, 是有问题的:首先在英语语法上是不对的,在否定句(包括含有否定意义的句子)里不能这样使用any, 而要改为:No language is separable from economy and culture. 其次,这样表达意思不清,容易引起误解,细读原句就会发现,意思是“一种语言(的重要性)与该语言所处的经济和文化环境(状况)是分不开的”,或者是“任何一种语言都与(使用该语言国家的)经济和文化分不开。”所以应译出一个定语从句才算语义完整:No language is separable from the economic and cultural environment where it is used. “随着中国经济的进一步发展和国际地位的日益提高,世界上学习汉语和中国文化的人数还会不断增加。”这句中的“学习”的宾语有两个:汉语和中国文化,“学习”可以理解为进一步的学习,或者把“文化”理解为两个宾语的语义重心,译为study。加译出take to (开始喜欢上),更符合英语的表达逻辑。

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