1， 一般现在时的用法 1）
经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如： The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3） 表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
2） 3）
2， 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？ 2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如： When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。 Whenever
the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。 3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth \"到……时间了\" \"该……了\"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. \"时间已迟了\" \"早该……了\" ，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。 4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。） Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着） Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。） Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去） 注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？ I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。 2）情态动词 could, would。例如： Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？
4）
.3 used to / be used to used to + do：\"过去常常\"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如： Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。 be used to + doing：对……已感到习惯，或\"习惯于\"，to是介词，后需加名词
或动名词。例如： He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。 典型例题 ---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it. ---- It's 69568442. A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't 答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。
5）
.4 一般将来时 1） shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如： Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？ Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？ 2） be going to +不定式，表示将来。 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？ b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。 3） be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。 4） be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如： He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
6）
.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如： If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
7） .6 be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如： I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排） I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）
8） 9）
.7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如： The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开.
10） 2.定语从句（Attributive Clause）
11） ：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般皆放在被它所修饰的名（代）
词之后，这种名（代）词就叫作先行词（Antecedent）。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词(或称引导词、关系词等）。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。 ①引导定语从句的关联词有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why 和 which. 在非限制定语从句中, 只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整个句子, 多用which. 例句： The dog that/which was lost has been found. （失踪的狗已经找到了。） Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting. （有人认为那些对这个提案有兴趣的人最好是在会后再具体讨论它。） ② 当引导定语从句的先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等词, 或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时,或先行词为all, anything,
nothing, something, everything 时,从句的引导词只能用that. The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday. （孩子们唯一关心的是他们什么时候放假。） ③as 可做引导词引导定语从句, 多和such, the same 连用. As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子, 既可放在先行词后,也可放在句子开头. 例句： Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.（你描述的那一类人现在很少了。） The boy was run over by a motor-car, as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.（那个男孩被一辆摩托轧过去了，这种事在解放前的上海是不少见的。） ④同位语从句和定语从句 The news that he has been admitted by Harvard University is very pleasing.（他被哈佛大学录取的消息非常令人兴奋。） The news that you told me was really exciting.（你告诉我的好个消息真的是很激动人心。
12） 宾语从句的语序 宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+
其他成分 例：I believe that they will come soon. He asked me whether I was a teacher. They wanted to know what they can do for us.
13） 1·主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。 2·主句用过去时，从句用过
去某个时态。 3·主句用过去时，从句是真理时，只用一般现在时。
14） if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句
I don’t know if there will be a bus any more 我不知道是否还会有公交车. 15） Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
16） 没人知道他是否会通过考试. ②连接代词 连接代词主要有who,
whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever
17） 形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
18） I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day . 19） 我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.
20） 若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替 例句： We all consider what
you said to be unbelievable. 我们都认为你所说的是不可信的. We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.
21） 我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的
22） if,whether在宾语从句中的区别 ①if和whether在作“是否”解时,
引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if ②少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. ③whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以. ④在不定式前只能用whether. 如： I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。 ⑤避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if
23） 由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。 例：She said: I have been
to England before. She said that she had been to England before. She asked me: Do you like maths? She asked me if I liked maths
24） 五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别。 1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同
位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修
饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如： The news that l have passed the exam is true．我通过了考试这一消息是真的。 （同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。） The news that he told me just now is true．他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。 （定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。）
25） 2、引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定
语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如： The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. 计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成份。） The idea that he gave surprises many people．他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。 （that在从句中作gave的宾语。）
26） 1、时间状语从句: 常见连词有after,as,before,once,since,till,（not）until，
when,whenever（no matter when）,while， as long as,as soon as;As you look at yourself in a mirror, you’ll seen an identical image of yourself. It is a long time before it is possible to test the medicine on human patients. It was not until„that
27） 地点状语从句: 一般用where or wherever 引导 I will stand
where I can see the parade clearly. Wherever they went, they were warmly welcome.
28） 3、条件状语从句: 真实条件从句:if, unless, so long as, provided that,
supposing that, on condition that, in the event that, in case that etc I will not go to her party if she doesn’t invite me.
29） 4、 原因状语从句: 从属连词有because, as ,since, for, now, that, in
that, seeing that, considering that(鉴于,由于) As the school regulations are written quite clearly, there is nothing more to be explained.
30） 结果状语从句: 引导词：so that, so„that, such„that He is so
humorous that we’ll never forget him.
31） 1. Do you know the scientist _______ gave us a talk just now? (天津市) 32） A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
33） 2. This is the dictionary _______ Mum gave me for my birthday. (河北省)
A. which B. what C. whose D. whom
34） 3. Shaolin Temple _______ lies in the west of Zhengzhou welcomes the
visitors both at home and abroad. (河南省)
35） A. where B. which C. who D. what
36） 4. —Do you know the girl _______ is standing under the tree? —She is
my little sister. (福州市)
37） A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
38） 5. This is the question _______ we are talking about now. (吉林省) A.
that B. who C. where D. when
39） 6. —What are you looking for? —I am looking for the book _______ I
bought yesterday. (长沙市) A. who B. which C. whose
40） 7. Jack, there is someone in the office _______ would like to speak with
you. (厦门市) A. who B. which C. whom
41） 8. If a bag is filled with books and pens, it must belong to someone
_______ works hard. (临沂市) A. which B. / C. whom D. who
42） 9. Many young people prefer the songs _______ have great lyrics. (泰安
市) A. which B. who C. where D. whom
43） 10. Even teachers can’t understand some expressions _______ their
students use in daily life. (绍兴市)
44） A. whose B. who C. that D. whom
45） 11. Beijing is the 29th city _______ holds the Olympic Games. (芜湖市) 46） A. where B. that C. which D. what
47） 12. Have you read the book _______ I gave you yesterday? (茂名市) 48） A. that B. when C. where
49） 13. The man _______ came to our party with a present is my old friend.
(茂名市) A. when B. which C. what
50） 14. I like writers _______ write short stories. (襄樊市) 51） A. which B. what C. whom D. who
52） 15. —There are many volunteers _______ are helping the children in
Sichuan. —And most of them are college students. (咸宁市)
53） A. which B. when C. whose D. who
54） 16. We know Jackie Chan _______ movies are very popular with the
young. (恩施自治州) A. whose B. that C. who D. which
55） 17. The boy _______ I talked with just now is my best friend. (南充市)
A. who B. which C. where
56） 18. —What kind of music do you like? —I like music _______ I can
sing along with. (自贡市) A. who B. that C. what
57） 19. He is the only student _______ plays table tennis better than Jim.
(南宁市) A. why B. where C. who D. which
58） 20. —The duty of Project Hope is to help poor children, isn’t it? —
Yes, it has built many schools _______ those children can study happily. (哈尔滨市) A. where B. when C. which
59） 答案 1—5 AABAA 6—10 BADAC 11—15 BACDD 16—20 AABCA
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