A理论部分： 雅思小作文概论
1、文章结构：主要分三部分：i。introductory sentence；ii。body paragraph；iii。Concluding sentence
具体讲：第一段introductory sentence只要写一句话，交待图形（如the line graph, pie chart等等），描述对象（如图表描述的是the number of tourists visiting England），地点（如the US, the UK等）以及时间（如between 1988 and 1997等等）；另外要注意的就是第一段不能和图表上方已给的句子太过相似！否则，会失分的!
第二部分一般写1~3段，这要视情况而定。这部分主要就是对比不同的数据，如相似或相同的数据；某个数据是另一个数据的2倍；某个数据所占比例最大或最小等等。
最后一段concluding sentence也只要写一句话，主要是总结图表的整个趋势。
2。文章的效果。很多学生会发现小作文的例文特别简单（尤其是剑桥书里提供的）。原因很简单，这个report的目的就是要让university lecturer了解某个事物的发展趋势，所以写出来的文章必须结构清晰、易懂，绝对不能太复杂，也不要把每个数据都描写出来，只要描写有代表性的，重要的数据即可。
以下为雅思小作文的四个基本步骤 第一步：改写题目
通过同义词转换在短短的1分钟内就写好作文的第一段。
举例:The graph below shows the percentage of people unable to find work in three major countries from 1983 to 1992.
题目中划线的单词都可以进行同义转换:
graph—figure, show—illustrate, percentage—proportion, major—key, from„to„—between„and„, 第二步：分析时态
1. 图表小作文大部分时候使用过去时态，因为出现的数据一般都是以往的统计数据，过去的情形和现在的情形很有可能完全不一样，因此用过去时态比较恰当。
例句1: In the 2002 survey, over 75% of respondents with annual incomes above$ 100,000 considered leisure time extremely or very important.
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2. 如果图表里没有出现任何以往的年度，或者显示这是过去的统计数据，那么用一般现在时比较理想。
Britain produces 3% of the world’s carbon dioxides emissions----about the same as India, which has 15times as many times as many people.
3. 少数情况下，图表作文会出现预测值，这个时候用将来时态。 第三步：分析图中数字的含义以及单位
很多同学由于急于完成文章，所以忽略了对图中数据的分析，比如说，有些题目中会在角落里标明百分号和单位，很多同学没有注意到，就认为图中的数字是表示的个数或者弄错单位，这样整篇文章的分数就会受到很大的影响，因此先不要急于动笔写，先分析好了，再动笔也不迟。
第四步：通过分析图表来确定主体段落需要描述哪些信息，并标注在图表上
建议考生在写作时，第一句话总结图中比较显著的趋势或者特征，其余句子按照第四点中所规定的顺序逐句叙述图表内容。主体部分每一个句子一般有三个组成部分，分别是文字信息、数字信息和比较。很多考生习惯在作文中把数字逐一读出，这是不好的习惯。事实上，文字信息比数字信息更为重要，文字信息可以让读者清楚了解图表的主要信息，而数据只是起辅助的作用。 总结：
1、小作文写作遵循三点即客观（不应有主观想象成分，得出结论也是根据图表实际内容总结归纳）、准确( 注意单位、时间、数字表达)、详尽（重要数据不能漏掉）。 2、仔细审题—确定主体段写几段—确定各段结构。
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B写作实践： 4.22写作课内容 1、简单线图
2、复杂线图（双线、多线） 3、简单柱图 4、复杂柱图 5、饼图
6、组合图（线饼、线柱）
I 数据图
线图基本结构 首段（1-2句） 首句 第二句 中间段 末段
一、首段introduction
首段内容几乎完全不用创新，就是对题目文字部分做改写，paraphrase the rubric。所谓改写，要么换词，要么换句式。
例如：(剑4-P100)
改写题目（换词、换句） 有可能的话总结总体趋势、特征 顺次描述趋势，指出重要数据（极值、相同点、始末值）；数据较多不必挨个描述，但以上重点数据不能跳过；数据较少则可以详尽描述。 重申最重要的趋势、特征 3
The charts below give information about travel to and from the UK ,and about most (1) (2)
popular countries for UK residents to visit. 换 词
(1) 图 The charts
图：chart, graph, diagram（雅思写作中完全等价，无差别） 线：line / curve chart 柱图：bar / column graph 饼：pie diagram/chart
表：table / statistics / figures
(2) 动词“表明”give information about
介绍段是客观描述，用一般现在时态，give information about虽然在这篇作文中最好不再用。替换的词语和结构很多，比如常用的:
reveal / indicate / demonstrate/describe/illustrate 建议记三个足够。
其余部分的替换因题而异，比如travel换成visit，the UK换成Britain（注意不是England，英格兰只是Britain的一部分），popular换成fashionable，country换成nation，UK residents to visit换成UK tourists。
最后要注意点细节，原文的“below”应省略，因为答题纸上没有图；而第二副图上标注的1999年，可以补充进介绍段。对担心写不足词数的单图作文，甚至可以把把特征点概括成一句话加入介绍段。 换 句
(1)并列句
The line chart reveals that … and the bar graph indicates that …（分别描述两幅图，形成风格，第一幅图用chart，第二副图用graph，第一幅图reveal，第二副图indicate）
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(2)被动语态
… is revealed in the line chart and … is indicated in the bar graph.
One possible answer:
The line chart reveals visits to and from Britain and the bar graph indicates most fashionable nations for UK tourists in 1999. 二、主体段body 过渡：
段首过渡词（1个） 信息出处：
According to the line chart, As is shown in the line chart, The line chart shows that … 表示逻辑：
On the other hand等等 句型： 简单线图：
段内过渡词（1-2个） 顺承：also, besides, in addition 转折：however, on the other hand, conversely
其它：meanwhile / in the same time, similarly, in particular
趋势（包括升降速度）至少掌握三种句式：主谓(包括被动句式)、主谓宾、there be The visits increased quickly from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
There was an increase in the visits from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999. (2a) (1) (4) (5)
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An increase in the visits is seen from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999. (2a) (1) (6) (4) (5)
The last twenty years from 1979 to 1999 saw/witnessed /experienced an increase in the visits from about 12 to 53.
练习：1、20世纪90年代，北京的出租车数量有了大幅度的增长。 (1990s, Beijing, taxi, number, increase )
a) Taxis in Beijing increased dramatically in the number in the 1990s
b) Beijing’s taxis increased dramatically in the number in the 1990s 后重原则—越大的
成分放在后边。 c) The number of taxi in Beijing increased dramatically in the 1990s.
d) There was a dramatic increase in the number of taxi in Beijing in the 1990s. （动态或
静态的存在， 都用存在句型 。其典型代表是there be 倒装句） e) A dramatic increase was found in the number of taxi in Beijing in the 1990s f) Beijing had/experienced a dramatic increase in the number of taxi in the 1990s g) 1990s saw/witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of taxi in Beijing
(1)主体：（第二段或图例中有明示） 同义词 travel
The travel increased quickly from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999. 代词 they
The visits increased quickly from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999. In particular, they increased very rapidly from 1985 to 1988.
线 line：主要用于不理解图线所代表内容的情况。
the thin（细线） / thick（粗线） / broken（虚线） / dotted（点线） line
The thin line, which represents visits by UK residents, increased from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999.
(2)增加/减少：动词
increase / decrease（可做名词）
rise/drop（可做名词） go up grow/ come down climb / slide
ascend / decline
rocket / collapse（暴增/暴减）
过去的图表用一般过去时；一天24小时的图表用一般现在时。
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(3)升降速度/幅度（去掉-ly就是形容词） 快：quickly / rapidly / swiftly 慢：slowly / gradually / steadily 大：greatly / dramatically / considerably / substantially
小：slightly / marginally / minutely
数字副词：
(3)+(2a)增加/减少：名词
a sharp / slow / great / slight increase
an upward / rising / increasing tendency a downward / falling / decreasing trend
Approximately/about / around / roughly / more or less 12 million (4)数字单位用单数
12 million而不是12 millions
(5)时间
from … to … / between … and …
during the period from … to … / between … and … / starting from ….
练习翻译句子：
北京地铁1号线的乘客数量从早上6.00约3000人逐渐增加到早8.00的4500人。
（可以选用的主语：乘客数量；逐渐增加的乘客数；时间--早上6.00到早8.00；北京地铁1号线；逐渐增加。请同学灵活运用五种句型进行翻译练习，确保各成分都正确）
1、 The number of people increases steadily from approximately 3000 at 6 a.m. to 4500 at 8 a.m. (1号句型) 2、 There is a steady increase in the number of people from 6 a.m. to 8 a.m. (5号句型)
3、 The time from 6 a.m. to 8 a.m. witnesses a steady increase in the number of people from about 3000 to
4500 ( 2 号句型)
4、 The subway line 1 witnesses a steady increase in the number of people from approximately 3000 at 6
a.m. to 4500 at 8 a.m. ( 2 号句型)
5、 A noticeable increase can be found in the number o people from approximately 3000 at 6 a.m. to 4500
at 8 a.m. ( 1号句型)
A possible answer:
According to the line chart, visits abroad by UK residents increased from about 12 to 57 million from 1979 to 1999. Similarly, overseas travelers to Britain went up from about 10 to 27 million. It is obvious that UK tourists were more and climbed faster than overseas visitors during the period.
复杂线图：
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极值：
峰值：peak (v. & n.), summit (v. & n.), highest point reach the highest point/a peak 谷值：touch the bottom (v.), nadir (n.), lowest point reach/hit the lowest point/bottom 保持不变 keep / remain / maintain + unchanged / constant / stable（保持不变） fluctuate upward / downward（波动向上/向下） a fluctuation double / triple / quadruple（2/3/4倍） A possible answer:
According to the curve chart, daily electricity need is higher in winter (38,000 units on average) than in summer (18,000 units on average). In winter, electricity consumption peaks at 2:00 am and 10:00 pm while it touches the bottom(极值点) at 0:00 am and 8:00 am. On the other hand, in summer, it summits at 2:00 pm and 11:00 pm, but has a nadir at 9:00 am and a lower stationary phase from 4:00 pm to 9:00 pm.
以上参考答案为组合图一部分，因此数据并未逐一描述。请将此图作为单一考题并完成写作。（提示：各条线逐一描述，信息应该更加具体，但别忘进行比较）
The line chart gives information about the electricity demand in England on typical days in winter and summer. It illustrates that demand in winter is almost twice in summer.
1) We can see that the electricity demand in winter starts from(起点) 35000 units at 0:00 and is followed by a steady increase（趋势） to approximately 40000 units at 3.a.m. 2) However, from then on,(连接词) the number drops sharply （趋势）for the next 6 hours to hit the bottom(最小值) of 3000 units.
3) After then, the electricity demand is on a steady rise （趋势）until 22.00, when the peak of the day（最大值） is reached, about 48000 units.
4) The last two hours of the day, not surprisingly, witness a sharp decrease（趋势） in the
demand to the same level as in the very early morning. 主谓（被动） 1、2 主系表 3 主谓宾4
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However, electricity usage in summer first experiences a slight decline from 18000 at 0 to 12000 at 9.am, which is the lowest in the day, and then a steady climb, back to its peak of 20000units at 14.00. In contrast to the winter, the summer needs decrease slightly and almost level out for most of the evening, with a peak (nearly 20,000) at 22.00.
Overall the time from 8 am to 9 am sees the lowest usage of electricity both winter and summer, and a peak is also indicated at around 10pm 总结：
1、注意起止时间（动词时态一定不能弄错）、单位和数据描述的准确性。
2、双线或多线一般分段分别描写。其总体趋势特征需从两个维度去分析即横轴和纵轴。
简单柱图：
A possible answer:
The bar graph demonstrates that the most UK visitors went to France and Spain, which were 11.0 and 9.5 million. Also, many British travelers were attracted by the USA (4.0 million), Greece (3.5 million) and Turkey (2.0 million).
描述数据时可以先用文字信息概括特征（如最大、最小、较大、较小、占最大份额等）然后导出数据给与说明（此处可用定语从句或因果关系从句） 复杂柱图：
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比较：
90% of those who held a skilled vocational diploma were men, compared with only 10% of women.
More women held undergraduate diplomas (70%) and marginally more women reached degree level (55%).
Men with postgraduate diplomas clearly outnumbered their female counterparts (70% and 30% respectively).（《剑桥4》P78）
饼图：无非是两个表达的组合“占”和百分比。
特征：向读者呈现各个部分占整体的比例（百分比）关系。 必须包括：A topic ---the pie chart shows… B overview----in general,…
C detailed description, including important data. D compare and contrast data when necessary 核心表达举例：
1、 多样句型：描述“33%的美国青少年喜欢汉堡”
(主语：33%的美国青少年、百分比)
A 33% of the teenagers in the USA prefer hamburgers (2号句型)
B There are 33% of the teenagers who prefer hamburgers in the USA.（5号句型—主系表） C The teenagers who prefer hamburgers in the USA make up 33% of the total.（2号句型） D The percentage of the teenagers who prefer hamburgers in the USA is 33% （5号句型—主系表）
2、 多样词汇：表示“占”的7个核心词汇 A accounts for represents/occupies 10
takes up/makes up *% of the total forms/constitutes/comprises 11
A possible answer:
The pie graph demonstrates that heating rooms and water occupies the majority of electricity consumption (52.5%). Then, 17.5% of the electricity demand is shared by ovens, kettles and washing machines. Lighting, TV, radio and vacuum cleaners, food mixers, electric tools account for 15% respectively.
Assignments:
1 完成剑桥4 P54 线+饼图写作。 2 完成剑桥4 P100 线+柱图写作。
（一般情况下，组合图写作结尾应能看出两图之间的联系，但如果不容易看出，也需将两图各自的重要趋势重申一下）
3 完成剑桥7 P53 多线图写作。 4 完成剑桥6P98 双柱图写作。
第二讲
Review:
1、 读题四部曲：横轴（时间、确定全文时态）、纵轴（单位）、标题（换词、时间）、
勾出图上重要数据。
2、 开头改写（换词、换句）;确定主体段数（看情况顺序描述、不漏重点数据、表达
趋势注意句式变化、必须呈现数据比较）；结尾段重申重要特征（多图尽可能揭示图之间的关系）
3、 数据太多时需适当分组（通常情况下将趋势大致相同的分成一组）
4、柱图的另类表达：如果三维度是时间，则可以将柱图看成是一个动态的曲线图和一个静态的饼图分段加以描写。
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表格
表格图表作文一般来说是某些数字、百分比的呈现，但注意一定不要简单罗列信息，应该找出其中的趋势或者对比比较关系。
简单表格：
The table below shows the proportion of different categories of families living in poverty in Australia in 1999.
读题四步（在图上用铅笔标示）：单位、时间（时态）、标题、重点数据（可适当分组） 改写首段：
换词：The table gives a breakdown of the proportion of people from each household type living in poverty in Australia in 1999.
换句：The table gives a breakdown of different types of family who were living in poverty in Australia in 1999.
The graph gives information about„/ the table gives a breakdown of„ 数据列示较多的表格总体结构基本如下： 开头 中间 结尾
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General introduction + overall features “列”信息 “行”信息 总结特征或趋势 数字引入：图表引用数字的三种主要方法 分词短语：
On average, 11% of all households, comprising /equivalent to almost two million people, were in this position. 括号：
Couples generally tended to be better off, with lower poverty levels for couples without children (7%) than those with children (12%). 介词短语：
However, those consisting of only one parent or a single adult had almost double this proportion of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively. 词数填充Word filler ：这些表达没有实际意义，考试的时候可以填充词数。 It is noticeable that … It is easy to see that … It is obvious that …
Obviously, clearly, interestingly, surprisingly What is worth mentioning is that„
三、比较段comparison / 结论段conclusion： 比较段：内容无非是数据关联或者特征关联两种可能。
What is also worth mentioning is that … if the two diagrams are considered as a whole. A possible answer:
What is also worth mentioning is that almost 40% UK tourists selected France and Spain in 1999, if the two diagrams are considered as a whole. 单图结论段：
Overall, the table/chart/graph/diagram suggests that …
A possible answer:
Overall, the table suggests that households of single adults and those with children were more likely to be living in poverty than those consisting of couples.（摘自《剑桥雅思4》
Assignments： 1剑桥6 P52表格
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2剑桥6 P30线表组合图
II 流程图/示意图/地图
开头 中间 引入+总体分为N阶段 按步骤分别描写每一个阶段；需要的话，可进行合理想象，以某种程度扩展字数，可能的话按阶段分段。 “行”信息 重述此图总体内容或阶段，注意换用表达方式 结尾 剑桥6 P75 流程图----雅思写作剑桥范文解析 流程图
下面是剑桥6的test 3 考到的流程图，考官给的范文。范文中有两步考官直接就写成一步，本来是3-8天和16天两个时间段，缩成了3个星期，同学写的时候可以分别写，不用写这么精练。 考官范文：
The first diagram shows that there are four main stages in the life of the silkworm. 第一个图显示了，在蚕的生命过程中主要有四步。First of all, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. 首先，蛾子产出卵，每个卵用10天的时间变成蚕的幼虫， 他们以桑叶为食。This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silk thread around itself. 这个阶段持续最多到六个星期，直到幼虫周围生产出茧（silk thread）. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge from these cocoons and the life cycle begins again. 经过三个星期的一段时间之后，成年的蛾子最终从茧里面出来，这个生命的循环就再一次开始了。
The cocoons are the raw material used for the production of silk cloth. 茧是生产丝绸的原材料。Once selected, they are boiled in water and the thread can be separated in the unwinding stage. 一旦被挑选出来，他们在水里煮沸，丝可以在打开的阶段中被分离出来。Each thread is between 300 and 900 meters long, which means they can be twisted together, dyed and then used to produce cloth in the weaving stage. 每条丝是300到900米长，这就意味着，他们能够被缠绕在一起，染色，然后在织布阶段被用于生产布品。 Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silk worm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process.
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范文总结： 1． 163个字。
2． 使用了很多合适的关联词，见阴影部分。 3． 主要是简单的并列句。 4． 句型，搭配了一些被动语态。
5． 动词使用丰富：produce, feed on, last, emerge, select, boil, separate, unwind, twist (多数原词带入)
6． 名词比较专业：life cycle, raw material.
表述时间：
in 10 days, during the period of 10 days, The process lasts for up to 10 days. after 10 days, 10 days passed utill something happened.
表示然后：then, next, in the next state, following that, after that, the next step in the stage is ....
表示过程：process, procedure, formation, development 表示步骤：step, stage, phase
方法：
l 找到流程图的过程，起点，终点。
l 找到图上标出的已知动作，如果出现生词，尽量猜测。无词，用自己语言。 l 按照步骤，分段描述，千万不能省略任何一步。 l 切记！加入流畅合理的表示顺序的关联词。
l 句型以主动为主，搭配被动，以及主语从句（例如：It can be seen from the graph that…） l 时态要使用一般现在时
最后再总结一下流程图的特点：
特点一：现 在时 特点二：定语从句 特点三：被动语态
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特点四：顺序词 特点五：适当添加
The diagram shows the stages in the process of making chocolate.【所有的小作文第一句话都要用一般现在时。流程图必备三个词：process：整个过程, stage：阶段，step：步骤】
Chocolate comes from the cacao tree, which is grown in parts of South America, Africa and Indonesia.【开头不能冲上来就直接介绍cacao tree，而是通过主题词chocolate引出，否则显得太唐突】【流程图特点之一：介 绍过程要使用一般现在时】【流 程图特点之二：大量使用定语从句，将有关联的两句话连接。】【流程图特点之三：大量使用被动语态】The tree produces large red pods which contain white cocoa beans. Firstly,【流程图特点
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之四：使用一些表示顺序的连接词】when the pods are ripe, they are harvested, the beans are removed and they are fermented for several days in large wooden boxes.【三个句子的并列：“句子A，句子B and 句子C”。】During the fermenting process, the beans turn brown.【流程图特点之五：要 适当地添加个别图中没有交代但能从图片中直接读出来的的一些内容，否则可能达不到字数要求。但是一定要把握尺度，千万不要加上自己的主观观点，否则会扣 分】
Next, the brown beans are spread in the sun to dry. They are then put in large sacks and transported by train or lorry. After this, the beans are taken to a chocolate factory where they are roasted in an oven at temperatures of between 250 and 350 degree Celsius.
After being roasted, the beans are crushed and the outer shell which is not needed for making chocolate is removed. Finally, the inner part of the bean is pressed and liquid chocolate is produced.
补充的表达方式 流程图常用词汇： 介绍段：
The flow chart / diagram / map illustrates … The whole procedure can be divided into … stages.\here are „main stages „ 主体段：
一般过渡：时间、顺序、目的
时间阶段： after a period of ..months/days/minutes, during…
顺序连词： first, first of all, in the first stage, initially, to begin with Second, then, next, also
After that, at the same time, in the meantime, meanwhile Prior to, until
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the first stage involves … / in the second stage / in the third stage / in the last stage//The next step in the stage is that…. 目的连词： in order to / in order that; so as to / so that
剑桥5P75 地图
• The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is planned
for the town. The map shows two possible sites for supermarket.
选址型
交通不利
• The map shows two proposed locations for a new supermarket for the town of Garlsdon • The first potential location (S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just off the main
road to the town of Hindon, lying 12 kms to the north-west.This site is in the countryside and so would be able to accommodate a lot of car parking. This would make it accessible to shoppers from both Hindon and Garlsdon who could travel by car. As it is also close to the railway line linking the two towns to Cransdon (25 km to the south-east), a potentially large number of shoppers would also be able to travel by train. Generally speaking, the price of rent is relatively lower in countryside, so it will save some expending to some extent
• In contrast, the suggested location, S2, is right in the town centre, which would be good
for local residents. Theoretically the store could be accessed by road or rail from the
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surrounding towns, including Bransdon, but as the central area is a no-traffic zone, cars would be unable to park and access would be difficult.
• Overall, neither site is appropriate for all the towns, but for customers in Cransdon,
Hindon and Garlsdon, the out-of-town site (S1) would probably offer more advantages.base on the factor of economy, the decision of choosing S1 is reasonable for
boss
附：在实际考场上如果遇到流程图，同学应该从策略上藐视敌人，不能因为它难就花费过多时间。同学作文考了5不是因为TASK1考了5总分就是5，而是因为大作文写得差才最终考了5，因为大作文在总分中占更多权重，也因为大作文最能全面地体现考生的写作水平。因此，为了确保大作文的写作时间，建议在发现流程图时可选择先写TASK2, 然后在剩下的时间里尽量写好TASK1，建议留15分钟左右时间完成流程图。
总结：
1、小作文不要追求完美，考场上保质保量完成任务即可，实际上20分钟内不要奢望写出多么美轮美奂的文章，重点放在大作文的思路框架及写作上。不论什么情况，作文一定要写完。
2、小作文注意：时态准确、语法错误尽可能少于3处、重点数据突出、多比较、句式要有变化。
3、大作文思路框架要清晰。分论点的扩展句尽可能（举例对比因果假设）论证详细充分。此处体现同学的长句驾驭能力同时反映逻辑和写作功底。
4、拿不准的不要写，可以尝试其他的不太精炼但挑不出毛病的表达。宁可绕不可错。
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