英语词汇学总结

英语词汇学总结

Chapter 3

Word Formation I词语结构1

3.1 Morphemes词素

1. the morpheme is ‘ the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words’

词素是“词语中最小的功能单位”。

2.Suffix：-ation：-tion, -sion, -ion.

后缀：ation 的多变体，当它们有同样的意义和语法功能时它们属于同一个后缀

3.Owing to different sound environment 因为存在不同的发生环境。

3.2 Allomorphs （语素变体）同质异晶，同质异象变体

1.Morphemes are abstract units.‘They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning’

语素是抽象的单位,它们实际上是能发音的最小的意义载体.

The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone:

语素是一个音素发音的形素

①single morphs单一语素词：

bird, tree, green, sad, want, desire,

Most morphemes are realized by single morphs,Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words.大多数语素通过单个的形素实现，语素与词相同叫做单一语素词.

These morphemes coincide withe words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence.Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words.

这些语素与词相同，由于它们能代表含义而且能够在句子中自由起作用。这种词叫做单一语素词

②The plural morpheme复数语素：

{-s} /s / after the sounds/t, p, k/ packs, cheats, shapes

/-z/ after /d, b, g, l/ beds, bottles, fads

/iz/ after/s, z, ?, ?, t?, d?/classes, dishes, garages, damages

Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. 一些语素被按照形素在其中排列而认识，那些替换的形素被称为”语素变体”。

Allomorphs as such do not occur at random, but are phonetically conditioned and thus predictable.语素变体不是随机发生的，是语音条件下可以预测的

③zero morph零形素：deer -deer, fish-fish

（There are cases where the allomorphs of the plural morpheme are unusual. It can be realized by the change of an internal vowel 某种情况是复数词素的变体不常见。他可以通过内部元音的变化来认知）

④the past tense过去式

{-ed}：1）/t/ after a verb ending with /p, k/ worked, helped

2）/d/ after vowels and sounds like /m, n, ?, l/ tried, warmed, lived , enabled

3）/id/ after /t, d/ wanted, landed

affixational morphemes附加语素

This prefix : depending on the first sound of the stem to which the prefix is added.

全看前缀添加所在的首音

1) /im/ as improper, immovable, imbalance (If the first sound is /p,b,m/）

2) /ir/ as irreconcilable

3) /il/ as illegible

3.3 Types of Morphemes语素的类型

free morphemes and bound morphemes.自由语素和粘连语素

3.3.1 Free Morphemes自由语素

1.free morphemes are free roots.自由语素是自由词根

Ex：man, earth, wind, car, anger.

3.3.2 Bound Morphemes粘连语素

1.Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words. 不能作为独立词出现的语素是粘连语素。这样称呼因为它们粘连其他语素去构成单词。粘连语素主要出现在派生词中。

2. bound root and affix粘连词根和词缀。

E.g. :antecedent出现在前面的东西

Root：词根-ced- ：approach ，go to 接近

Prefix：前缀Ante-：before 在前面

a noun suffix:名词后缀-ent: a person, a thing人，东西

1.Bound rood. 粘连词根

Bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root.

粘连词根是词中承担基础意义的部分，如同自由根词

Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.

和自由根词不同的是，他是一个粘连形式不得不与其他词素组合来构成单词。

E.g. -dict- Latin root say or speak说话

With affixes和前缀搭配：contra-( = against) and pre-( = before)

Contradict=‘speak against’说话反对Predict = ‘tell beforehand’预言With suffix和后缀搭配：-ion

Contradiction 反驳Prediction 预言

With suffix :加上后缀：-or

Contradictor 反驳者Predictor 预言者

-dict-: dictum, dictate, dictation, dictator, diction, dictionary

“宣言”“指示”“口授”“独裁者”“措辞”“词典”

In English, bound roots are either Latin or Greek.

在英语中，粘连词根或者是拉丁语或者是希腊语。

Although they are limited in number, their productive power is amazing.

尽管它们数量有限，它们的生产力惊人。

2.Affixes. 词缀

Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.

词缀是附属在单词上或者单词元素上以修改词语意义和功能的结构。

functions of affixes: inflectional and derivational affixes.

根据词缀的功能:“曲折词缀”和“派生词缀”。

1)Inflectional affixes.屈折词缀

=Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional

屈折词缀是附加在词尾用来表示屈折关系

There is the regular plural suffix -s (-es) machines, fridges, desks, radios, potatoes.

有一个通常的副词词缀－s（－es)“机器”“冰箱”“桌子”“无线电”“马铃薯”

The same forms -s(-es) can be added to verbs to indicate the simple present for the third person singular

同样的结构－s（es）可以加在动词上表示第三人称单数一般现代时，

Like-likes, work- works, go-goes.

喜欢”“工作”“去”。形式’

The form- ’s is another one used to indicate the possessive case of nouns

形式’s是另一种形式用来表示名词所有格象

children’s library, the man’s role, a waitress’s voice, the mother-in-law’s complaints.

We have also the suffixes -er, -est which are usually attached to simple adjectives or adverbs to show their comparative or superlative degrees我们还有后缀er，est，它们通常加在简单形容词和副词后面去表示它们的比较级和最高级

Happy=happier-happiest, hard-harder-hardest. “高兴”“艰难”

there is the past tense marker -ed as mentioned above, and the -ing form added to verbs to form present participles or gerunds. 除了这些，还有过去时态的标志“ed”如同上面所提及的，“ing”加在动词上构成现代分词或者动名词

derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.

派生词缀是加在其他语素上建立新词的词缀。

Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.

派生词缀可以分为前缀和后缀

Prefixes come before the word and the suffixes after the word,

前缀出现在词前，后缀出现在词后

Morpheme 语素{ free=free root自由语素＝自由词根

{bound粘连{bound root粘连词根{prefix前缀

{affix词缀{derivational 派生词缀{suffix 后缀

{inflectional 屈折词缀

3.4 Root and Stem词根和词干

affixes and root or stem.词缀和词根或词干

A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity

词根是一个词的基础形式不能在没有丧失定义的前提下继续分解。

‘root is that part of a wordform that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been

removed’.

一个词根是词语中去除所有屈折词缀和派生词缀都去除剩下的部分

A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff.