初一英语语法复习（上册）
一． 词类（Parts of Speech）
1. 名词（Noun）：表示人或事物的名称。
eg. boy, pencil, book, bed, school
2. 冠词（Article）：用在名词前面，帮助说明名词所指的人或事物。
eg. a, an, the
3. 代词（Pronoun）：用来代替名词、形容词或数词。
eg. we, that, this, his, what,
4. 形容词（Adjective）：用来修饰名词、形容词或数词。
eg. old, long, short, big, small, good, bad
5. 数词（Numeral）：表示数量或顺序。
eg. one, two, thirteen, first, second, third
6. 动词（Verb）：表示动作或状态。
eg. look, go, come, stay, sit, be(is, am, are), do
7. 副词（Adverb）：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。
eg. not, too, here, there, often, well
8. 介词（Preposition）：表示名词、代词等和句子中其他词的关系。
eg. in, from, on, of, to, under, behind, front
9. 连词（Conjunction）：表连接词与词、代词等和句中其他词的关系。
eg. and, or, but
10. 感叹词（Interjection）：表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。
eg. oh, hello, hi,
Ⅰ.名词
1. 总的来说，名词分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词是个别的人、事物、地点等专有的名称，并且专有名词的第一个字母要大写。eg, China, Sophy, Jerry, Chengdu, Wenjiang
2. 名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词：有复数形式，eg, an orange two oranges; a book some books; an egg some eggs; a tree many trees
不可数名词：一般没有复数形式，eg, bread, milk, broccoli
有些词既可以作可数名词又可以作不可数名词.eg, ice cream salad, chicken
3. 可数名词单数变成复数的部分规则：
一般情况加 –s . eg, book—books; ruler—rulers;
以o结尾的词加–s或-es. eg, photo—photos; potato—potatoes; tomato—tomatoes; mango--mangoes
以s，sh，ch，x等结尾的词加-es. eg, dress—dresses; bus—buses; watch—watches; box—boxes
以ce, se, ze, (d)ge等结尾的词加-s. eg, price—prices; orange—oranges; case—cases; age—ages;
以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为i，再加-es.
eg, dictionary—dictionaries; strawberry--strawberries
少数名词的复数形式是不规则的:如，man—men; woman—women; policeman—policemen;
表示名族的名词，有的在词尾加-s，如：an American—two Americans; 有的单复同形，如，a
Chinese—five Chinese ;
4. 名词的所有格
单数名词加’s 如Mike’s father Jerry’s cat my uncle’s car my sister’s book the teacher’s bike
以s结尾的复数名词加’ 如， the teachers’ bikes
Ⅱ.冠词：是一种虚词，不能单独使用，分为不定冠词和定冠词。
1. 不定冠词：a, an只用语可数名词单数前面,a用在以辅音开头的单词前，如a book, a pen, a ruler, a door an 用在以元音开头的单词前，an apple, an hour
指人或事物的某一种类。
eg, It’s an action movie. It’s a 指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。
eg, Is there a bank near here?
I found a small boy crying in the corner.
表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。
eg, I have a mouth, a nose, two eyes and two ears.
用于某些固定的词组中。a few, a little, a lot of
2. 定冠词the，可用在可数名词的单数，复数和不可数名词前。
特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。
eg, Show me the photo of your family.
book.
The book on the desk is mine.
指双方都知道的人或事物。
eg, How much are the red socks? Eight Yuan.
指上文提过的人或事物。
eg, First, clean a tomato. Put the tomato in a bag.
用在世界上独一无二的事物前。
eg, The sun is bigger than the moon.
用在序数词和形容词最高级前。
eg, In the first photo, I’m playing at school.
The best radio shop is near our school.
用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。
eg, the Great Wall, the Children’s Palace
用在姓氏的复数形式前。
eg, the Greens ; the Taylors
用在乐器名称前。
eg, Can you play the guitar?
用在一些习惯用语中。
eg, in the morning/ afternoon/ evening
on the right/ left all the same
the day after tomorrow; the day before yesterday;
3. 特殊情况：单独使用名词而不用冠词（即零冠词）
在专有名词和不可数名词前。如，China, milk, Jackie Chan,
名词前已有作定语的this, that, my, your, some, any, each, every等代词。
eg, This is my book. Who is that boy?
Every/Each one has a bag. Some cats are over there.
复数名词表示一类人或事物时。
eg, I like apples. She likes elephants.
在星期、月份、季节、节日前。
eg, On Sunday, we visited friends. It’s cold in winter.
在称呼语、头衔和职务等名称前。
eg, I like my music teacher, Mr. Lee.
在一日三餐前。 eg, For lunch, I like hamburgers.
在球类运动的名称前。
eg, Can you play chess? Do you play basketball?
用在某些固定词组中。
at home/school; by bus/bike; go to school/bed;
at breakfast/lunch/supper; at night/noon; after class/school
Ⅲ.代词
人称代词
人称 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格
第一人称 I me we us
第二人称 you you you you
第三人称 he him they them
第三人称 she her they them
第三人称 it it they them
物主代词
单数
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 my your his /her /its
mine yours his/hers/its
我的 你的 他/她/它的
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称复数
our your their
ours yours theirs
我们的 你们的 他/她/它们的
指示代词
表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词。
this（these） ：一般指时间或空间上较近的事物
that （those）： 常用来指时间或空间上较远的事物。
eg. Is this your pen? Is that your book?
eg. These are my rulers. Those are my brothers.
Ⅳ. 数词
基数词
1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7seven
8 eight 9 nine 10 ten 11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen
18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty 21twenty-one
22 twenty-two 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty
60 sixty 70 seventy 80eighty 90 ninety
100 one hundred 101 one hundred and one 200 two hundred
序数词
表示事物的顺序，往往与冠词the 连用。
first 1st second 2nd third 3rd fourth 4th fifth 5th
sixth 6th seventh 7th eighth 8th ninth 9th tenth 10th eleventh 11th twelfth 12th twentieth 20th
twenty-first 21st thirtieth 30th fortieth 40th
fiftieth 50th sixtieth 60th seventieth 70th
eightieth 80th ninetieth 90th hundredth 100th
one hundred and first 101st
Ⅴ.动词:一般现在时，表示现在的状态；经常的或习惯性的动作；主语具备的性格和能力等。
动词Be( is/ am/ are)
肯定式 否定式
I am a student. I am not a student.
You are a boy. You are not a boy.
He/She/It is a cat. He/She/It is not a cat.
We/You/They are pupils. We/You/They are not pupils.
疑问式和简略回答语 Am I a student? Yes, you are. No, you are not.
Are you a boy? Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Is he/she/it a cat? Yes, he/she/it is. No, he /she/it is not.
Are you pupils? Yes, we are. No, we are not.
Are we dancers? Yes, we/you are. No, we/you are not.
Are they teachers? Yes, they are. No they are not.
在口语中经常使用的缩略形式
肯定式 否定式 其他
I am= I’m I am not= I’m not that is = that’s
you are= you’re you are not=you’re not what is= what’s
he is = he’s he is not= he’s not who is = who’s she is= she’s she is not= she’s not where is= where’s
it is = it’s it is not= it isn’t my name is =my name’s
we are= we’re we are not= we aren’t
they are=they’re they are not=they aren’t
动词 do.
肯定式 否定式
I like oranges. I don’t like oranges.
You like apples. You don’t like apples.
He/She likes pears. He/She doesn’t like pears. We/You/They like bears. We/You/They don’t like bears.
疑问式和简略回答语
Do I like oranges? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.
Do you like oranges? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Do we like oranges? Yes, we/you do. No, we/you don’t. Do they like oranges? Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
当主语是第三人称单数时，动词形式有下列几种变化 ：
1、一般动词在词尾加-s.如：help-helps; like-likes; swim-swims
eg, He likes apples. She likes bananas. Jerry likes pears. Miss Zhang likes watermelons.
2.以字母s, x, ch, sh 结尾的动词加-es, 如果动词原形词尾有-e,则加s; 以o结尾的动词也加-es.如：teach-teaches; go-goes
eg, He teaches in JinMa Middle School.
She goes to work by bike.
3. 以辅音字母加y 结尾的动词，先变y 为i，再加-es，如：study-studies carry –carries
eg, Li Lei studies in my school.
She carries a big box.
Ⅵ.介词
用于名词或代词前，表示该词与句子其他成分的关系。介词后的名词或代词称为介词宾语，介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。
初中一年级的主要介词短语：
1. 时间介词( at, in, on)
at on in 钟点at six o’clock 某一天的某时段 一天中某段时间
用餐at lunch time on Saturday morning in the afternoon
节日at Christmas 周日 on Sunday in(during) the day
年龄 at the age of 20 日期on May 4th 月份 in April
时间 at this time 节日on New Year’s Day 季节 in spring
时刻 at sunrise on weekends
一天中的某段时间 on vacation 时期 in the holidays
at noon/ at night / at dawn 世纪 in the 19th century
其它表示时间的介词：before, after
eg, before breakfast/ class/ school, after breakfast/ class/ school
2. 地点介词
at：表示一个点或小地方。
at home at Huaxing Clothes Store
at school at New Park
at the pool at the House of Dumpling
on:表示一个表面。
on Fifth Avenue on the beach
on the table/ chair/ dresser on the floor/ wall
in:表示一个范围或大地方。
in Paris/ Beijing /China in Class Five in the water in the school magazine in the park/supermarket in the backpack/bookcase
in school in the corner
注意：要正确使用介词，把握从什么角度看空间中的位置
eg, They stand at the door . (站在门口那个点上)
He’ s putting up a picture on the door. ( 贴在门那个面上) There is a hole in the door. ( 从立体的角度看门上的洞)
3. 其它地点介词：
above 在…上方 There is a map above the blackboard.
under 在…的下面 The watch is under the bed.
before 在…前面 Dad is standing before the mirror.
in front of 在…前面（某物外部的前面）
The tree is in front of our classroom.
in the front of在…前面（某物内部的前面）
There are some chairs in the front of the room. behind 在…的后面 The hotel is behind the post office.
near 靠近；在…附近 There is a big supermarket near you house.
next to 在…旁边；附近 The pay phone is next to the post office.
beside 在…旁边 The hotel is beside the library. inside 在…的里面 I can’t eat inside the building. outside 在…外边 We can eat outside the classroom.
between 在…之间 The pen is between the book and the pencil.
across from 穿过；由一边到另一边 Our house is across from the store. through 穿过；通过 Take a walk through the park .
down 沿着 Go down the road and turn left.
at the back of 在…的后面 At the back of the school is a playground.
in the corner of 在…的角落 The cat is lying in the corner of the room.
4. 其它介词
about 关于；对于
eg, The American girl wants to learn about Chinese history.
Could you tell me about your life?
from 从…；自从
eg, He has a pen pal from China.
What did you buy from the store?
with 与…一起；附有
eg, Next to the hotel is a small house with an interesting garden.
She often goes to see Beijing Opera with her father. Can you help kids with swimming?
of …的；属于…的
eg, Here is a photo of my family.
date of birth
to 向；到；对
eg, What kind of movies do you like?
Let me tell you the way to my house.
My English class is from 8:00 to 9:00.
as 担任；象；当…时
eg, We have a job for you as a waiter.
As a boy, he often goes skating in winter.
like 像
eg, What does she look like?
What’s the weather like?
at 在；对着；以
eg, Call Alan at 495-3535.
We have sweaters at a very good price—only 25yuan.
for 对于；为了；给…；以…为代价；（表示时间持续）…之久
eg, For breakfast, he likes eggs, bananas, and apples. For boys, you can buy socks for only 5yuan each. After class, I play volleyball for two hours.
5. 固定搭配
介词与名词的连用
at at first 起初；开始时 at home 在家；无拘束
at last 最后 at present现在
at school 在学校；在上课 at work 上班；在工作
at the moment 此刻 at the same time 同时
on on duty 值日 on foot 步行
on holiday 度假 on sale 出售；降价出售
on time 准时 on the left/right在左/右 on the radio 在广播中 in in all 总体 in class 在课堂上 in English用英语 in short 总之 in a hurry 匆忙地 in the end 最后
动词与介词的连用
arrive at /in 到达 on TV 在电视上播放
on the phone 在电话中 on the way 在路上
in bed 躺在床上
in danger 在危险中
in fact 事实上
in time 及时地
in a minute 立刻；马上
ask for 请求
get off 下车 get up 起床
help sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事 laugh at 嘲笑
learn from 向学习 listen to 听
look after 照顾 look for 寻找 think of 想到 worry about 担心 形容词和介词的连用
be afraid of 害怕 be careful with 小心；关心 be interested in 对…感兴趣 be good at 善于 其他
by + 交通工具 look at 看；注视
talk about 交谈；谈
wait for 等候；等
thank for 为…而感谢
be proud of 感到自豪 be crazy about 酷爱 be late for 干某事迟到 be good for 对…有利 by bus/ train/ plane/ air/ ship/ bike
lots of /a lot of 许多；大量
at most 至多
at least 至少
at once 立即；马上
in order to 为了
Ⅶ.句子的种类
种类 用途 例句 陈述句 用来说明事实或说话人的看法 My name is Kate.
疑问句 用来提出问题 Is this your pen?
祈使句 用来表示请求、命令 Come in, please.
感叹句 用来表示强烈的感情 What a funny time it is!
Ⅷ.一般疑问句和特殊疑问句。
一般疑问句指用yes /no 回答的问句，因此也被称为yes /no问句。
eg, Is this your pen? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
Can you play the guitar? Yes, I can. No, I can’t.
Do you have a book? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Is there a bank near here? Yes, there is. No, there isn’t.
Is Nancy doing her homework? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.
特殊疑问句是指以疑问词开始的疑问句。
1. What’s your name? My name is Gina.
2. Where’s the baseball? It’s in the backpack.
3. How much is the red sweater? It’s 80yuan.
4. When is your birthday? My birthday is in November 18th .
5. What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies.
6. What time do you get up? I get up at six o’clock.
7. What’s your favorite subject? My favorite subject is history.
8. Why do you like art? Because it’s fun.
9. Where is your pen pal from? He’s from Australia.
10. Where does he live? He lives in Paris.
11. What language does he speak? She speaks English.
12. What do you do ? I ’m a reporter.
13. What do you want to be? I want to be an actor.
14. What are you doing? I’m watching TV.
15. How is the weather? It’s raining.
16. How is it going? Great.
17. What do you look like? I’m short.
18. What kind of noodles do you like? I’d like beef noodles, please.
19. What size bowl of noodles would you like?
I’d like a small / medium / large bowl of noodles.
20. What did you do last weekend? I went to the beach.
21. How was Ming’s weekend? It was great.
22. What do you think of soap operas? I can’t stand them.
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