1. 明喻（simile）
是用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。例如：
（1）my love's like a red, red rose.
我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。
（2）He jumped as if he had been stung.
他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。
（3）The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel.
那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。
2. 暗喻/隐喻（metaphor）
这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
（1）He has a heart of stone.
他有一颗铁石心肠。
（2）The world is a stage.
世界是一个大舞台。
（3）The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.
钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。
3. 转喻/借代（metonymy）
是用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统，用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol， 用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用
crown代替king等。。 例如：
（1） His purse would not allow him that luxury.
他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。
（2）The mother did her best to take care of the cradle.
母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。
（3）He succeeded to the crown in 1848.
他在1848年继承了王位。
（4）
Several years later, word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them... 几年以后，他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。 “word”在这里代替了“news, information”（消息、信息）
（5）Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”.
艾尔用眼睛说，
“是的”。
“说”应该是嘴的功能，这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”。
（6）例子
Uncle Sam（山姆大叔）--the United States（美国）
4. 提喻（synecdoche）
主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分；或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象；以特殊代表一般，或用一般代表特殊。例如：
（1）
The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood
of millions of men.
长城不仅是用石头和土建造的，而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。句中“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”（巨大的牺牲）
（2）“...saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,...”
„„他说这是世界上最美的语言。这里用具体的“tongue”代替抽象的“language”。
（3）Many eyes turned to a tall,20—year black girl on the US team.
很多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高的20岁的黑姑娘。
这里的“many eyes”代替了“many persons”。
（4）He earns his bread by writing.
他靠写作挣钱谋生。
（5）The farms were short of hands during the harvest season.
在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动力。
（6）
He is the Newton of this century.
他是这个世纪的牛顿。
5 头韵法（alliteration）
两个或者更多的词以相同的音韵或者字母开头就构成头韵。例如：
（1）proud as a peacock
blind as a bat
safe and sound
（2）Long and loudly little Lily laughed.
小莉莉长时间地、大声地笑着。
（3）The windows waved violently in the wind.
窗户在风中剧烈地摇动。
（4）The sun sank slowly.
太阳慢慢地下沉。
6. 交错法（chiasmus）属于并列关系。
chiasmus结构中的分句之间的地位是平等的，它们不仅具有相同的(平行的)语法结构，而且表示具有同等重要性的(并列的)意义。这种并列关系也同样存在于词组、短语间形成的chiasmus结构。
例如：
an optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity; a pessimist sees a calamity in every
opportunity.
乐观者在灾难中看到机遇；悲观者却在机遇中看到灾难。
(这个例子是包含有chiasmus结构的两个平行句，表示并列意义。）
knowing something of everything and everything of something.
通百艺而专一长。
7.Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶
这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法（将强烈对立的想法并列于稳定、对等的短语或语法结构中的修辞方法。）
例如
1>.Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore.
2>.You are staying; I am going.
3>.Give me liberty, or give me death.
4>.Take little, give more.
5>.Pride hurts, modesty benefits.
满招损，谦受益。
6>.All for one, one for all.
人人为我，我为人人
8.Transferred epithet移位修辞格
1>.The American society saw a gnawing poverty during the year of the Great
Depression.
2>.They are still prolonging the night: dancing,singing,gossiping,postpoing the
unfortunate necessity of undertaking a day’s work in the fields after a sleepless
night.
3>.He closed his busy life at the age of sixty.
4>.He occasionally even engages in electronic conversations with Apple users
around the coungtry.
5>.There was a short, thoughtful silence.
出现了一阵短暂的、令人沉思的寂静。
6>.The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder.
一支令人安心的手
7>.This is the cheapest market in this country.
最便宜的市场
9.Parallelism 排比, 平行.
这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体.
例如:
1>.No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral
till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.
2>.In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and
yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these
things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race,
to answer for them separately.
10.Allegory 讽喻,比方（原意“寓言”）
建立在假借过去或别处的事例与对象之上，传达暗示，影射或者
意为\"换个方式的说法\".它是一种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事.
例如:
1>.Make the hay while the sun shines.
表层含义：趁着出太阳的时候晒草
真正意味：趁热打铁
2>.It's time to turn plough into sword.
表层含义：是时候把犁变成剑
12.Paradox 隽语
这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法,是一种矛盾修辞法..
例如:
1>.More haste, less speed.欲速则不达
2>.The child is the father to the man.（童年时代可决定人之未来）三岁看大，四岁看老。
eg. Without recognizing this we will end up with solutions that don’t solve, answers that don’t answer and explanations that don’t explain.
– Personal conflicts among husbands, wives and children will diminish when the unjust measurement of human worth on the scale of dollars is eliminated
(Para.14).
– The mind-the body enslaved-free
– So that love is identified with a resignation of power, and power with a
denial of love.
– Love-power
– Psychological freedom, a firm sense of self-esteem, is the most powerful weapon against the long night of physical slavery.
– Long history of slavery- a long night
– Also antithesis psychological freedom-physical slavery
– He who hates does not know God, but he who has love has the key that unlocks the door to the meaning of ultimate reality (Para.20).
– Power without love is reckless and abusive, and love without power is sentimental and anemic (Para. 8).
– As long as the mind is enslaved, the body can never be free.
– And I have seen too much hate. I’ve seen too much hate on the faces of sheriffs in the South. I have seen hate on the faces of too many Klansmen and too
many…(Para.20)
– It is precisely this collision of immoral power with powerless morality which constitutes the major crisis of our times (Para.9).
– Inversion of the second of two parallel phrases
– It is something like improving the food in the prison while the people remain securely incarcerated behind bars (Para. 17).
– Without recognizing this we will end up with solutions that don’t solve, answers that don’t answer and explanations that don’t explain (Para. 18).
– Let us be dissatisfied until form every city hall, justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.
– City hall-a municipal government
– When the lion and the lamb shall lie down together; every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid. (Para.25)
– Let us be dissatisfied until every state capitol houses a governor who will do justly, who will love mercy and who will walk humbly with his God (Para. 25)
– Eleven “let us be dissatisfied until…” (Para. 25)
– He who hates does not know God, but he who has love has the key that unlocks the door to the meaning of ultimate reality (Para.20).
– Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice.
– Walls obviously cannot be tragic, the separation is tragic.
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